A National Survey on the Relationship of Youth Sport Specialization Behaviors to Self-Reported Anxiety and Depression in Youth Softball Players

• Published in: Sports health 2024-03, Vol.16 (2), p.184-194
• Main Authors: Zeller, Anne Marie, Lear, Aaron, Post, Eric, McNulty, Suzanne, Bentley, Brett
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Anxiety - epidemiology; Anxiety Disorders; Athletes - psychology; Athletic Injuries; Baseball; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cumulative Trauma Disorders; Depression - epidemiology; Female; Humans; Risk Factors; Self Report; Specialization; Youth Sports - injuries
• ISSN: 1941-7381; 1941-0921
• DOI: 10.1177/19417381241228539

Background: There are little to no data on whether any associations exist between sport specialization and mental health in youth softball athletes. Hypothesis: Highly specialized youth softball athletes will have worse self-reported depression and anxiety symptom scores compared with low and moderate specialized athletes. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was distributed in the fall of 2021 to a national sample of female youth softball athletes between the ages of 12 and 18 years. Sport specialization status was determined using a 3-point specialization scale that classifies either low, moderate, or high. The patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the 7-item general anxiety disorder scale (GAD-7) were used to assess self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. Comparison also included sports participation and specialization behaviors between specialization groups. Results: A total of 1283 subjects (mean age, 15.1 ± 1.7 years) fully completed the survey. After adjusting for covariates, lower scores were reported on both the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 by highly specialized athletes compared with moderate or low specialization athletes (PHQ-9, high = 8.6 ± 0.4; moderate = 11.2 ± 0.3; low = 10.9 ± 0.5; P < 0.01; GAD-7, high = 6.5 ± 0.4; moderate = 8.6 ± 0.3; low = 8.4 ± 0.4, P < 0.01). Conversely, higher scores were reported on both scales for athletes who received private softball coaching compared with those who did not (PHQ-9, 11.5 ± 0.3 vs 9.0 ± 0.3; P < 0.01; GAD-7, 8.8 ± 0.3 vs 6.9 ± 0.3, P < 0.01). Finally, athletes who reported an arm overuse injury in the previous year reported higher PHQ-9 scores (10.8 ± 0.3 vs 9.8 ± 0.3; P < 0.01). Conclusion: While sport specialization, as measured by the validated 3-point scale, was not associated with increased anxiety and depression symptom scores, other aspects of specialization behavior such as private coaching or overuse injury history were associated with worse scores on these scales, indicating potential concern for anxiety and depression. However, although the differences we observed were statistically significant, they did not exceed the minimal clinically important difference values that have been established for the PHQ-9 (5 points) or GAD-7 (4 points). Clinical Relevance: This project is a first step toward understanding the sport specialization behaviors and their influence on the mental health of youth softball athletes. Focusin