Degradation of the blister agent sulfur mustard, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, on concrete

• Published in: Journal of hazardous materials 2007-02, Vol.140 (1), p.353-360
• Main Authors: Brevett, Carol A.S., Sumpter, Kenneth B., Wagner, George W., Rice, Jeffrey S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Applied sciences; Biodegradation, Environmental; Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide; Blister agent; Concrete; Construction Materials; CWA; Exact sciences and technology; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; H-2TG; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mustard Gas - metabolism; NMR; Pollution; SSMAS; Sulfonium Compounds - analysis; Sulfonium ions; Sulfur mustard
• ISSN: 0304-3894; 1873-3336
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.067

The products formed from the degradation of the blister agent sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide] on concrete were identified using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC/MSD), 1H NMR, 2D 1H– 13C NMR and 13C solid state magic angle spinning (SSMAS) NMR. In situ and extraction experiments were performed. Sulfur mustard was detected in the in situ 13C SSMAS samples for 12 weeks, whereas less than 5% of the sulfur mustard was detected in extracts from the concrete monoliths after 8 days. Sulfonium ions and (2-chloroethylthio)ethyl ether (T) were observed on the in situ samples after a period of 12 weeks, whereas vinyl species and bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfoxide were observed in the extracts of the concrete monoliths within 24 h. The differences between the extraction and the SSMAS data indicated that the sulfur mustard existed in the concrete in a non-extractable form prior to its degradation. Extraction methods alone were not sufficient to identify the products; methods to identify the presence of non-extractable degradation products were also required.