Retrospective application of WHO reporting system for lung cytopathology with assessment of risk of malignancy

• Published in: Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology JASC 2024-05, Vol.13 (3), p.183-193
• Main Authors: Meena, Rachana, Nambirajan, Aruna, Mohan, Anant, Malik, Prabhat Singh, Jain, Deepali
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid - cytology; Cytodiagnosis - methods; Cytology; Diagnostic categories; Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration - methods; Female; Humans; Lung; Lung - pathology; Lung Neoplasms - diagnosis; Lung Neoplasms - pathology; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory tract; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk of malignancy; Sputum - cytology; WHO reporting system for lung cytopathology; World Health Organization
• ISSN: 2213-2945; 2213-2945
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2024.02.003

The recently introduced World Health Organization (WHO) Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology presents 5 diagnostic categories with corresponding risk of malignancy (ROM) and management protocols. This study uses the system to categorize our institutional respiratory tract cytology specimens, evaluating ROM and diagnostic accuracy for each category. In a retrospective analysis (May 2020 to August 2021), the following respiratory cytology specimens were classified based on the WHO categories: bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), bronchial wash/bronchial brushings (BB/BW), endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), sputum, biopsy imprint (BI), and endotracheal wash. Exclusions comprised pleural effusions and EBUS-TBNA from mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. Correlation of cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses was performed to assess ROM collectively and individually. A total of 1518 respiratory samples (BAL [968], BW/BB [380], EBUS-TBNA [42], FNAC [32], sputum [80], BI [11] and endotracheal wash [5]) of 1410 patients were screened, of which 522 cases (34.3%) had histopathologic correlation. One hundred forty-one cases (9.3%) were Insufficient/Inadequate/Non-Diagnostic (ND), 1221 (80.4%) were Benign (B), 3 (0.2%) were Atypical (A), 32 (2.1%) were Suspicious for malignancy (SM) and 121 (8.0%) were Malignant (M). The estimated ROM for each category was 49.2% for ND, 13.3% for B, 66.6% for A, 81.5% for SM and 92.7% for M. FNAC and EBUS-TBNA exhibited the highest sensitivity (100%) compared with BW/BB (66.3%). Specificity ranged from 96.8% to 100% across the samples, while diagnostic accuracy varied from 58.8% to 100%. Application of the WHO reporting system enhances standardized terminology, aiding clinicians in informed decision-making and improving patient care through accurate risk assessment of malignancy.