Low-Risk Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Patients Do Not Require Routine Diagnostic Imaging: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Cohort Study

• Published in: Clinical infectious diseases 2024-07, Vol.79 (1), p.43-51
• Main Authors: Hendriks, Marianne M C, Schweren, Kris S A, Kleij, Ayden, Berrevoets, Marvin A H, de Jong, Emma, van Wijngaarden, Peter, Ammerlaan, Heidi S M, Vos, Anja, van Assen, Sander, Slieker, Kitty, Gisolf, Jet H, Netea, Mihai G, ten Oever, Jaap, Kouijzer, Ilse J E
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Bacteremia - diagnosis; Bacteremia - drug therapy; Bacteremia - microbiology; Cross Infection - microbiology; Diagnostic Imaging - methods; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Netherlands - epidemiology; Retrospective Studies; Staphylococcal Infections - diagnosis; Staphylococcal Infections - microbiology; Staphylococcus aureus - isolation & purification
• ISSN: 1058-4838; 1537-6591; 1537-6591
• DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae187

Abstract Background Stratification to categorize patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) as low or high risk for metastatic infection may direct diagnostic evaluation and enable personalized management. We investigated the frequency of metastatic infections in low-risk SAB patients, their clinical relevance, and whether omission of routine imaging is associated with worse outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study at 7 Dutch hospitals among adult patients with low-risk SAB, defined as hospital-acquired infection without treatment delay, absence of prosthetic material, short duration of bacteremia, and rapid defervescence. Primary outcome was the proportion of patients whose treatment plan changed due to detected metastatic infections, as evaluated by both actual therapy administered and by linking a adjudicated diagnosis to guideline-recommended treatment. Secondary outcomes were 90-day relapse-free survival and factors associated with the performance of diagnostic imaging. Results Of 377 patients included, 298 (79%) underwent diagnostic imaging. In 15 of these 298 patients (5.0%), imaging findings during patient admission had been interpreted as metastatic infections that should extend treatment. Using the final adjudicated diagnosis, 4 patients (1.3%) had clinically relevant metastatic infection. In a multilevel multivariable logistic regression analysis, 90-day relapse-free survival was similar between patients without imaging and those who underwent imaging (81.0% versus 83.6%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.749; 95% confidence interval, .373–1.504). Conclusions Our study advocates risk stratification for the management of SAB patients. Prerequisites are follow-up blood cultures, bedside infectious diseases consultation, and a critical review of disease evolution. Using this approach, routine imaging could be omitted in low-risk patients. This retrospective multicenter cohort study supports a risk-informed approach for management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) patients. In low-risk SAB patients, routine imaging could be omitted as its yield is very low and not associated with lower 90-day relapse-free survival.