Are extra locking bolts or fibular plating more important in extreme nailing of distal tibia fractures? A cadaveric biomechanical analysis

• Published in: Injury 2024-06, Vol.55 (6), p.111540-111540, Article 111540
• Main Authors: Cunningham, Daniel J., Lawrence, Joshua E., Kovvur, Murali, Turner, Kristin E., Oppizzi, Giovanni, Xu, Dali, Zhang, Li-Qun, Johnson, Daniel J., Mittwede, Peter, Sepehri, Aresh, Brand, Jordan, O'Toole, Robert V., Gage, Mark J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Nails; Bone Plates; Cadaver; Distal tibia; Female; Fibula - surgery; Fibular plating; Fracture Fixation, Internal - instrumentation; Fracture Fixation, Internal - methods; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary - instrumentation; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary - methods; Humans; Locking bolts; Male; Nailing; Tibial Fractures - physiopathology; Tibial Fractures - surgery; Weight-Bearing - physiology
• ISSN: 0020-1383; 1879-0267
• DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111540

•When nailing far-distal, extra-articular tibia/fibula fractures, increasing the number of distal interlocks improved stability the most.•Lateral fibular plating did not significantly increase stability when nailing far-distal, extra-articular tibia/fibula fractures.•Regardless of fixation construct, full weightbearing led to high rates of clinically relevant displacement and angulation in these specimens. In far-distal extra-articular tibia fracture “extreme” nailing, debate surrounds the relative biomechanical performance of plating the fibula compared with extra distal interlocks. This study aimed to evaluate several constructs for extreme nailing including one interlock (one medial-lateral interlock), one interlock + plate (one medial-lateral interlock with lateral fibula compression plating), and two interlocks (one medial-lateral interlock and one anterior-posterior interlock). Fifteen pairs of fresh cadaver legs were instrumented with a tibial nail to the physeal scar. A 1 cm segment of bone was resected from the distal tibia 3.5 cm from the joint and an oblique osteotomy was made in the distal fibula. We loaded specimens with three different distal fixation constructs (one interlock, one interlock + plate, and two interlocks) through 10,000 cycles form 100N–700 N of axial loading. Load to failure (Newtons), angulation and displacement were also measured. Mean load to failure was 2092 N (one interlock), 1917 N (one interlock + plate), and 2545 N (two interlocks). Linear mixed effects modeling demonstrated that two interlocks had a load to failure 578 N higher than one interlock alone (95 % CI, 74N–1082 N; P = 0.02), but demonstrated no significant difference between one interlock and one interlock + plate. No statistically significant difference in rates or timing of displacement >2 mm or angulation >10° were demonstrated. When nailing far-distal extra-articular tibia and fibula fractures, adding a second interlock provides more stability than adding a fibular plate. Distal fibula plating may have minimal biomechanical effect in extreme nailing.