p53 immunohistochemistry as an ancillary tool for rapid assessment of residual disease in TP53-mutated acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes

• Published in: American journal of clinical pathology 2024-09, Vol.162 (3), p.269-281
• Main Authors: Brar, Nivaz, Lawrence, Lauren, Fung, Eula, Zehnder, James L, Greenberg, Peter L, Mannis, Gabriel N, Zhang, Tian Y, Gratzinger, Dita, Oak, Jean, Silva, Oscar, Kurzer, Jason, Tan, Brent, Menke, Joshua R, Fernandez-Pol, Sebastian
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acute myeloid leukemia; Biopsy; Bone marrow; Flow cytometry; Immunohistochemistry; Leukemia; Myelodysplastic syndrome; Myeloid cells; Next-generation sequencing; p53 Protein; Phenotypes; Population studies
• ISSN: 0002-9173; 1943-7722; 1943-7722
• DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqae034

Abstract Objectives Measurable residual disease flow cytometry (MRD-FC) and molecular studies are the most sensitive methods for detecting residual malignant populations after therapy for TP53-mutated acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic neoplasms (TP53+ AML/MDS). However, their sensitivity is limited in suboptimal aspirates or when the immunophenotype of the neoplastic blasts overlaps with erythroids or normal maturing myeloid cells. In this study, we set out to determine if p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) correlates with MRD-FC and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the posttherapy setting and to determine the utility of p53 IHC to detect residual disease in the setting of negative or equivocal MRD-FC. Methods We retrospectively identified 28 pre- and posttherapy bone marrow biopsy specimens from 9 patients with TP53+ AML/MDS and a p53 overexpressor phenotype by IHC (strong 3+ staining at initial diagnosis). Next-generation sequencing and/or MRD-FC results were collected for each specimen. Results Using a threshold of more than ten 2-3+ cells in any one 400× field, p53 IHC detected residual disease with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 89%. The threshold used in this study showed a high degree of concordance among 6 blinded pathologists (Fleiss κ = 0.97). Conclusions Our study suggests that p53 IHC can be used as a rapid tool (within 24 hours) to aid in the detection of residual disease that may complement MRD-FC or NGS in cases in which the flow cytometry immunophenotype is equivocal and/or the bone marrow aspirate is suboptimal.