Molecular evolution and genotype shift of Porcine circoviruses type 2 in Vietnam

• Published in: Veterinary research communications 2024-12, Vol.48 (6), p.4097-4103
• Main Authors: Lai, Danh Cong, Le, Dung Khanh Thi, Nguyen, Trung Huu, Van Thach, Manh, Hue, Vo Thi, Van Le, Phan, Ngo, Tram Ngoc Thi, Nguyen, Nam Minh, Do, Duy Tien
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: adaptive management; Amino acids; Animals; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Brief Report; Capsid protein; Circoviridae Infections - epidemiology; Circoviridae Infections - veterinary; Circoviridae Infections - virology; Circovirus - classification; Circovirus - genetics; coat proteins; Epidemiology; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic diversity; Genetic Variation; genome; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Genotype & phenotype; Genotypes; Life Sciences; Molecular evolution; monitoring; pathogens; Phylogeny; Porcine circovirus; Porcine circovirus-2; pork industry; Positive selection; selection pressure; Swine; Swine Diseases - epidemiology; Swine Diseases - virology; Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science; Vietnam; Vietnam - epidemiology; Zoology
• ISSN: 0165-7380; 1573-7446; 1573-7446
• DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10521-x

Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), a significant pathogen in the global swine industry, causes Porcine Circovirus Associated Diseases (PCVAD), contributing to substantial economic losses. This study investigates the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of PCV2 in Vietnam from 2007 to 2023. We sequenced and analyzed 47 PCV2 genomes isolated from swine farms across Vietnam between 2022 and 2023, revealing predominant circulation of PCV2d (80.85%) followed by PCV2b (19.15%). Phylogenetic analysis identified PCV2 genotypes PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2d, PCV2g, and PCV2h circulating in Vietnam, with PCV2d emerging as the most prevalent genotype. Comparison with historical data highlighted genotype shifts from PCV2b to PCV2d in 2014. Interestingly, PCV2h genotype was mainly observed between 2008 and 2012 but have not been detected since 2014. Regional analysis indicated varied PCV2 epidemiological patterns between northern and southern Vietnam. Amino acid substitutions within the capsid protein were identified, predominantly in antigenic regions critical for immune recognition. Positive selection analysis identified multiple sites under evolutionary pressure, indicating ongoing adaptation of Vietnamese PCV2 strains. These findings enhance understanding of PCV2 dynamics in Vietnam and underscore the importance of continuous surveillance and adaptive management strategies in controlling PCV2-associated diseases in swine populations.