Temporal lobe encephaloceles: Electro-clinical characteristics and seizure outcome after tailored lesionectomy

• Published in: Epilepsy & behavior 2024-11, Vol.160, p.110066, Article 110066
• Main Authors: Garcia-Gracia, Camilo, Riaz, Samer, Vallin, Claudia, Alexopoulos, Andreas, Adada, Badih, Bingaman, William, Najm, Imad, Bulacio, Juan C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Drug Resistant Epilepsy - diagnosis; Drug Resistant Epilepsy - physiopathology; Drug Resistant Epilepsy - surgery; Electroencephalography; Encephalocele; Encephalocele - diagnosis; Encephalocele - etiology; Encephalocele - surgery; Epilepsy surgery; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe - physiopathology; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe - surgery; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; MRI negative; Neurosurgical Procedures; Retrospective Studies; Seizures - diagnosis; Seizures - etiology; Seizures - physiopathology; Seizures - surgery; Tailored resection; Temporal Lobe - diagnostic imaging; Temporal Lobe - surgery; Temporal lobe epilepsy; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1525-5050; 1525-5069; 1525-5069
• DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.110066

•Temporal lobe encephalocele is a rarely recognized cause of medically refractory epilepsy.•Temporal encephaloceles may have variable semiology, sharing features with mesial temporal lobe epilepsies.•Temporal lobe encephaloceles typically present with high-amplitude delta or medium-amplitude theta patterns on EEG.•Early detection of encephaloceles in intractable temporal lobe epilepsy can enable tailored resections with favorable outcomes. Our study aimed to investigate the management of patients with medically refractory epilepsy related to temporal encephaloceles, focusing on the use of ancillary testing in the pre-surgical evaluation to optimize surgical outcomes. We conducted a retrospective analysis of electronic medical records from the Cleveland Clinic, covering the period from January 2000 to May 2020. Patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy were included if they had temporal lobe encephaloceles and required surgical intervention. We reviewed the results of ancillary studies, including invasive EEG. A total of 19 patients with temporal lobe encephaloceles underwent resection for drug-resistant epilepsy treatment. Among them, 63 % reported experiencing auras commonly associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, such as autonomic, psychic, and abdominal symptoms, followed by dialeptic seizures. Ictal patterns were consistently ipsilateral, with high amplitude delta or medium amplitude theta activity at onset, predominantly localized to the frontotemporal region in more than half of the cases. In 35 % of these patients, encephaloceles were only diagnosed during surgery. Stereo-EEG evaluation revealed two distinct ictal patterns: one characterized by localized low voltage fast activity in the temporal pole evolving into a 3–4 Hz high amplitude diffuse spiky activity, and the other exhibiting low amplitude rhythmic theta activity in the temporal pole with late involvement of the amygdala/hippocampus. Surgical resection strategy was based on clinical history and ancillary data analysis. At one-year follow-up after resection, 63 % of the patients attained Engel I seizure control over an average duration of 44 months (ranging from 6 months to 7.3 years). Additionally, 18 % of the patients achieved an Engel II outcome. Tailored resection of the encephalocele and the surrounding temporal pole, while preserving the mesial temporal structures, can effectively control seizures in patients with temporal encephaloceles identified through MRI. Patien