Saltwater intrusion and land subsidence destroy northern Nile Delta archaeological sites: An assessment using hydrochemical indices, SAR satellite imagery, and analytic hierarchy process (AHP)

Archaeological sites in deltaic regions face increasing environmental threats. This study provides the first assessment of seawater intrusion and land subsidence impacts on archaeological sites in the Nile Delta through hydrochemical investigations, InSAR techniques, and multi-criteria decision anal...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Marine pollution bulletin 2025-03, Vol.212, p.117460, Article 117460
Main Authors: Hagage, Mohammed, Hewaidy, Abdel Galil A., Abdulaziz, Abdulaziz M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Archaeological preservation
Archaeological risk map
Archaeological sites deterioration
Climate change
Coastal archaeology
Groundwater salinization
InSAR
MCDA
Seawater intrusion
Water corrosion indices
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Summary:Archaeological sites in deltaic regions face increasing environmental threats. This study provides the first assessment of seawater intrusion and land subsidence impacts on archaeological sites in the Nile Delta through hydrochemical investigations, InSAR techniques, and multi-criteria decision analysis of 33 sites. The results reveal that 80.7 % of groundwater samples are of the seawater (NaCl) type, with northern groundwater primarily consisting of old marine water. The Groundwater Quality Index for Seawater Intrusion shows that 54.6 % of sites have saline groundwater and 45.4 % have mixed groundwater. Hydrochemical Facies Evolution analysis indicates that 73 % of sites are north of the freshwater-seawater interface, with water tables
ISSN:0025-326X
1879-3363
1879-3363
DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117460