Gender differences in the distribution of cocaine and heroin in Central Harlem

• Published in: Drug and alcohol dependence 2005-02, Vol.77 (2), p.115-127
• Main Authors: Davis, W. Rees, Johnson, Bruce D., Randolph, Doris, Liberty, Hilary James
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Addictive behaviors; Adult; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; African–American; Biological and medical sciences; Cocaine; Cocaine-Related Disorders - economics; Cocaine-Related Disorders - epidemiology; Distribution; Drug selling/distribution; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gender; Gender differences; Harlem; Heroin; Heroin Dependence - economics; Heroin Dependence - epidemiology; Humans; Interviews as Topic - methods; Law enforcement; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; New York City - epidemiology; Prison; Psychoanalysis; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Roles; Sex Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance abuse; USA
• ISSN: 0376-8716; 1879-0046
• DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.07.010

This article investigates the extent to which users of crack, powder cocaine and heroin in Central Harlem participate in various roles involved in distributing these drugs, examining gender differences among distribution roles. Several strategies were combined to acquire a sample of 655 hard drug users and sellers who self-reported demographics, drug use and other factors in a face-to-face interview. Chi-square analyses were used to examine factors associated with having drug distribution roles. More than two-fifths ( N = 269) of all respondents self-reported participation in at least one current distribution role. The most common roles were acting as a middleman, steering buyers, holding drugs or money, and transporting drugs. Distributors were more likely to have HIV, previous drug treatments, and less education, employment or housing, but had higher incomes than users. A higher proportion of women reported drug distribution roles, but among distributors, men were twice as likely women to be direct sellers and transporters of drugs, and to perform more distribution roles. Gender contrasts support previous research indicating male dominance of drug distribution roles. Previous studies may underestimate women's participation in distribution roles. Drug treatment programs are encouraged to augment existing relapse prevention activities with distribution prevention efforts.