Welfare reforms, family resources, and child maltreatment

• Published in: Journal of policy analysis and management 2003, Vol.22 (1), p.85-113
• Main Authors: Paxson, Christina, Waldfogel, Jane
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Child Abuse; Child abuse & neglect; Child care; Child Health; Child molestation; Child Neglect; Child protective services; Child welfare; Compliance (Legal); Correlation; Earned Income Tax Credit; Employment; Families & family life; Family (Sociological Unit); Fines & penalties; Foster Care; Foster Children; Foster home care; Immigrants; Incidence; Income taxes; Influence; Labor force; Low income groups; Mental health; Mothers; Noncitizens; Participation; Policy analysis; Policy studies; Poverty; Public assistance programs; Public Policy; Reforms; Sanctions; Single parents; Social Change; Social Influences; States (Political Subdivisions); Tax Credits; Taxes; U.S.A; United States; United States of America; Welfare policy; Welfare Recipients; Welfare Reform; Welfare Services; Welfare state
• ISSN: 0276-8739; 1520-6688
• DOI: 10.1002/pam.10097

This paper examines the impact of welfare reforms on several measures of child maltreatment. The authors use state-level data from 1990 to 1998 to examine whether recent welfare reforms have increased or reduced the incidence of reported and substantiated cases of maltreatment, the incidence of specific types of substantiated maltreatment--physical abuse and neglect--and the number of children living in out-of-home care. The welfare reforms considered are the imposition of: family caps, lifetime limits, work requirements, sanctions for non-compliance, and the restriction of welfare benefits to immigrants. How welfare benefit levels and changes in state Earned Income Tax Credit programs affect reports and substantiated cases of maltreatment are also considered. Evidence strongly indicates that reductions in states' welfare benefit levels increase the number of children in out-of-home care, and some evidence indicates that strict lifetime welfare limits and tougher sanctions for noncompliance are related to higher levels of substantiated maltreatment. The evidence on family caps is mixed: family caps appear to be associated with fewer instances of substantiated maltreatment, but more children in out-of-home care. Because most of the welfare reforms examined have been in effect for only a short time, these results should be considered preliminary. Overall, however, they provide some evidence that the recent welfare reforms in the United States may have increased child maltreatment. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy and Analysis and Management.