Technological revolution meets policy and the market: Explaining cross-national differences in agricultural biotechnology regulation

.  The development and marketing of agricultural biotechnology applications has led to controversies over whether and how to regulate this new technology. The European Union (EU) has imposed severe restrictions on agricultural biotechnology, particularly in terms of approval and labeling of genetica...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:European journal of political research 2003-08, Vol.42 (5), p.643-683
Main Authors: Bernauer, Thomas, Meins, Erika
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Agricultural Technology
Biotechnology
Comparative politics
Cross-national analysis
Crossnational Differences
Environmental movements
Europe
European Union
Genetic Engineering
Government Regulation
Interest groups
Lobbying
Non-governmental organizations
Policy Making
Political science
Regulation
Technology Policy
U.S.A
United States of America
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Summary:.  The development and marketing of agricultural biotechnology applications has led to controversies over whether and how to regulate this new technology. The European Union (EU) has imposed severe restrictions on agricultural biotechnology, particularly in terms of approval and labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food. The United States has adopted a far more permissive approval policy and has not required labeling. This article explains these differences in terms of the collective action capacity of consumer and producer interests, and the institutional environment in which regulation has taken place. We find that the regulatory outcome in the EU can be traced back to nongovernmental organizations’ (NGOs) increased collective action capacity due to public outrage, an institutional environment favorable to anti‐biotechnology NGO interests (multilevel regulatory policy making) and a disintegration of the producer coalition due to NGO campaigns and differences in industrial structure. Biotechnology politics in the United States has been dominated by a strong and cohesive coalition of pro‐biotechnology upstream and downstream producers and farmers. Because of lower public outrage and a less favorable institutional environment (centralized regulatory policy making), anti‐biotechnology NGOs in the United States have been largely excluded from agricultural biotechnology policy making.
ISSN:0304-4130
1475-6765
DOI:10.1111/1475-6765.00099