Feeding effects on growth during infancy

To examine the effects of formula, other milks, other liquids, cereals, and other solid foods on growth during infancy. Observational cohort study nested within a large (n=17,046), cluster-randomized trial. We compared growth [weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length z scores (WAZ, LAZ,...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The Journal of pediatrics 2004-11, Vol.145 (5), p.600-605
Main Authors: Kramer, Michael S., Guo, Tong, Platt, Robert W., Vanilovich, Irina, Sevkovskaya, Zinaida, Dzikovich, Irina, Michaelsen, Kim F., Dewey, Kathryn
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biological and medical sciences
Body Height
Body Weight
Breast Feeding
Cephalometry
Cohort Studies
Edible Grain
Fruit
General aspects
Humans
Infant Formula - administration & dosage
Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Infant, Newborn - growth & development
Medical sciences
Milk, Human
Reference Values
Water - administration & dosage
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Summary:To examine the effects of formula, other milks, other liquids, cereals, and other solid foods on growth during infancy. Observational cohort study nested within a large (n=17,046), cluster-randomized trial. We compared growth [weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length z scores (WAZ, LAZ, WLZ) and head circumference (HC)] during the intervals 1 to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 9, and 9 to 12 months, using hierarchical multivariate regression to control for size at the beginning of each interval, maternal education, geographic region, and urban versus rural location. Mixed BF and formula/other milk were associated with significantly higher (versus breast milk only) LAZ at 1 to 3 months (+0.038 and +0.047, respectively). In the 3- to 6-month interval, mixed BF and formula/other milk led to significantly higher WAZ (+0.125 and +0.139) and LAZ (+0.081 and +0.075), whereas cereal intake was associated with large and highly significant reductions in both measures (−0.293 and −0.240) and in HC (−0.291 cm). Mixed BF and formula/other milk continued to have positive albeit smaller associations with WAZ and LAZ in the 6- to 9-month and 9- to 12-month intervals. Our results confirm the growth-accelerating effects of formula and other milks (versus breast milk) on weight and length gain throughout infancy, with a dose-response gradient and largest associations observed at 3 to 6 months.
ISSN:0022-3476
1097-6833
DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.06.069