Is tonic immobility the core sign among conventional peritraumatic signs and symptoms listed for PTSD?

• Published in: Journal of affective disorders 2009-05, Vol.115 (1), p.269-273
• Main Authors: Rocha-Rego, Vanessa, Fiszman, Adriana, Portugal, Liana Catarina, Garcia Pereira, Mirtes, de Oliveira, Letícia, Mendlowicz, Mauro V, Marques-Portella, Carla, Berger, William, Freire Coutinho, Evandro Silva, Mari, Jair J, Figueira, Ivan, Volchan, Eliane
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Anxiety disorders. Neuroses; Biological and medical sciences; Crime Victims - psychology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dissociation; Dissociative Disorders - diagnosis; Dissociative Disorders - psychology; Female; Humans; Immobility Response, Tonic; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Mood disorders; Panic; Panic disorder; Peritraumatic reactions; Post-traumatic stress disorder; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Predictor; Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Retrospective Studies; Severity; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - diagnosis; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - psychology; Symptoms; Tonic immobility; Traumatic stress; Violence - psychology
• ISSN: 0165-0327; 1573-2517
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.09.005

Abstract Background Previous studies suggested the importance of peritraumatic reactions as predictors of PSTD symptoms severity. Despite mounting evidence that tonic immobility occurs under intense life threats its role as predictor of PTSD severity remains by and large understudied. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of peritraumatic reactions (tonic immobility, panic and dissociation) as predictors of PTSD symptoms severity. Methods Participants were 32 victims of urban violence with PTSD diagnosed through the SCID-I. In order to evaluate PTSD symptoms at baseline, we used the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist — Civilian Version. To assess peritraumatic reactions we employed the Physical Reactions Scale, the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire and Tonic Immobility questions. As confounding variables, we considered negative affect (measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule — Trait Version), sex and time elapsed since trauma. Results Tonic immobility was the only predictor of PTSD symptoms severity that kept the statistical significance after controlling for potential confounders. Limitations This study was based on a relatively small sample recruited in a tertiary clinic, a fact that may limit the generalizability of its findings. The retrospective design may have predisposed to recall bias. Conclusions Our study provides good reason to conduct more research on tonic immobility in PTSD with other samples and with different time frames in an attempt to replicate these stimulating results.