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Central Pontine Myelinolysis after Liver Transplantation: is Sodium the Only Villain? Case Report

Critically ill patients frequently develop neurologic symptoms, which frequently become a clinical challenge. Described approximately 50 years ago, pontine neuronal demyelination is a pathologic change associated with neurologic and psychiatric problems after liver transplantation. The objective of...

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Published in:Revista brasileira de anestesiologia 2009-05, Vol.59 (3), p.344-349
Main Authors: de Morais, Bruno Salomé, Carneiro, Fabiano Soares, Araújo, Rodolfo de Morais, Araújo, Guilherme Freitas, de Oliveira, Rodrigo Bernardes
Format: Article
Language:English
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Summary:Critically ill patients frequently develop neurologic symptoms, which frequently become a clinical challenge. Described approximately 50 years ago, pontine neuronal demyelination is a pathologic change associated with neurologic and psychiatric problems after liver transplantation. The objective of this report was to present a case of central pontine myelinolysis diagnosed after liver transplantation and to discuss its pathophysiology. A 29 years old female patient underwent liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Postoperatively, she developed neurologic symptoms characteristic of the Locked In Syndrome and the MRI showed changes compatible with central pontine myelinolysis. The patient did not develop dramatic changes in sodium plasma levels, which is frequently incriminated as the causal agent, and improved considerably within a few weeks. The etiology of central pontine myelinolysis is multifactorial, and special attention should be given to the group of patients at greater risk, such as those with sudden changes in the plasma levels of sodium, liver transplantation, chronic alcoholics, and malnourished. It is important to recognize that osmotic demyelination can develop in patients with low, normal, or elevated plasma levels of sodium, indicating the contribution of other trigger factors. A ocorrência de sintomas neurológicos em pacientes gravemente enfermos é comum e, muitas vezes, um desafio propedêutico. Descrita há cerca de 50 anos, a desmielinização dos neurônios da região pontina é uma alteração patológica associada a quadros neurológicos e psiquiátricos após transplante hepático. O objetivo deste relato foi apresentar a mielinólise pontina central diagnosticada no pós-operatório de transplante hepático e discutir sua fisiopatologia. Paciente do sexo feminino, 29 anos, submetida a transplante hepático devido insuficiência hepática fulminante. No pós-operatório apresentou quadro neurológico característico de Síndrome Locked In e lesões compatíveis com mielinólise pontina central à ressonância nuclear magnética. A paciente não apresentou oscilações exageradas do sódio plasmático, íon frequentemente incriminado como agente causal, evoluindo com melhora significativa em algumas semanas. A mielinólise pontina central tem etiologia multifatorial e atenção especial deve ser dada ao grupo de pacientes com maior risco, tais como aqueles submetidos a alterações abruptas da natremia, transplantados de fígado, etilistas crônicos e desnutridos.
ISSN:0034-7094
1806-907X
DOI:10.1590/S0034-70942009000300010