Maturation of inhibitory and excitatory motor cortex pathways in children

Abstract Objective To study intracortical inhibition and facilitation with paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in children, adolescents and adults. Methods : Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (interstimulus intervals (ISI): 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ms) was applied over the primary...

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Published in:Brain & development (Tokyo. 1979) 2009-08, Vol.31 (7), p.562-567
Main Authors: Walther, Michael, Berweck, Steffen, Schessl, Joachim, Linder-Lucht, Michaela, Fietzek, Urban M, Glocker, Franz X, Heinen, Florian, Mall, Volker
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adolescent
Adolescent Development - physiology
Adult
Aging
Child
Child Development - physiology
Children
Cortical excitability
Efferent Pathways - growth & development
Efferent Pathways - physiology
Electromyography
Evoked Potentials, Motor
Female
Humans
Intracortical facilitation
Intracortical inhibition
Male
Motor Cortex - growth & development
Motor Cortex - physiology
Motor cortex maturation
Neural Inhibition - physiology
Neurology
Neuronal plasticity
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Young Adult
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Summary:Abstract Objective To study intracortical inhibition and facilitation with paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in children, adolescents and adults. Methods : Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (interstimulus intervals (ISI): 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ms) was applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) in 30 healthy subjects (range 6–30 years, median age 15 years and 8 months, SD 7,9) divided in three groups: adults (⩾ 18 years), adolescents (> 10 and < 18 years) and children (⩽ 10 years). Results : We observed significantly less intracortical inhibition (SICI) in children’s M1 compared to that of adults. Adolescents showed significantly less SICI at the 5 ms interval than did adults. No significant differences were apparent in intracortical facilitation (ICF). Conclusion : We postulate that, as in adults, the maturing M1 possesses horizontal glutamatergic cross-links that represent the neuronal substrate of excitatory intracortical pathways. GABAergic interneurons, the neuronal substrate of inhibitory intracortical pathways, mature between childhood and adulthood. Reduced GABAergic inhibition may facilitate neuronal plasticity and motor learning in children.
ISSN:0387-7604
1872-7131
DOI:10.1016/j.braindev.2009.02.007