Multivariate distributions of disinfection by-products in chlorinated drinking water

Drinking water disinfection by-product (DBP) occurrence research is important in supporting risk assessment and regulatory performance assessment. Recent DBP occurrence surveys have expanded their scope to include non-regulated priority DBPs as well as regulated DBPs. This study applies a Box–Cox tr...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Water research (Oxford) 2009-08, Vol.43 (14), p.3453-3468
Main Authors: Francis, Royce A., Small, Mitchell J., VanBriesen, Jeanne M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Applied sciences
Assessments
Augmentation
Bayesian modeling
Bayesian theory
Bromine
Byproducts
chlorination
Collection
Control
dihaloacetic acid
dihaloacetonitrile
Disinfection
Disinfection by-products
Drinking water
Drinking water research priorities
Exact sciences and technology
Gibbs' sampling
Halogenation
Left-censoring
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation
Mathematical models
Models, Chemical
Monte Carlo method
Multivariate Analysis
Other industrial wastes. Sewage sludge
Pollution
Proportional Hazards Models
Regression Analysis
Regulatory evaluation
Speciation
statistical models
trihaloacetic acid
trihalomethane
Wastes
Water - chemistry
Water Supply
Water treatment and pollution
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Summary:Drinking water disinfection by-product (DBP) occurrence research is important in supporting risk assessment and regulatory performance assessment. Recent DBP occurrence surveys have expanded their scope to include non-regulated priority DBPs as well as regulated DBPs. This study applies a Box–Cox transformed multivariate normal model and data augmentation methods for left-censored and missing observations to US EPA Information Collection Rule (ICR) drinking water data to describe the variability in the trihalomethane (THM4), trihaloacetic acid (THAA), dihaloacetic acid (DHAA), and dihaloacetonitrile (DHAN) DBP classes, the relationship between class-sum and the occurrence of individual DBPs within these classes. Inferences about bromine incorporation in these classes are then compared to those made by Obolensky and Singer (2005). Results reported herein show that class-based and individual DBP concentrations are strongly related to bromine substitution, and that speciation and bromine substitution patterns are consistent across DBP classes. In addition, the multiple imputation approach employed reveals that uncertainties related to missing and left-censored DBPs have important implications for understanding bromine substitution in the THAA class. These concerns should be considered through alternative approaches to DBP regulation in subsequent Stage II D/DBP assessment and revisions, where appropriate.
ISSN:0043-1354
1879-2448
DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.008