Artefacts in the mechanical characterization of porcine articular cartilage due to freezing

• Published in: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine Journal of engineering in medicine, 2005-01, Vol.219 (1), p.23-29
• Main Authors: Willett, T L, Whiteside, R, Wild, P M, Wyss, U P, Anastassiades, T
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena - methods; Cartilage, Articular - cytology; Cartilage, Articular - physiology; Cryopreservation - methods; Elasticity; Freezing; Mechanotransduction, Cellular - physiology; Stress, Mechanical; Swine
• ISSN: 0954-4119; 2041-3033
• DOI: 10.1243/095441105X9200

Abstract Many experimental protocols for investigating articular cartilage mechanics have involved the use of a freeze-thaw cycle for storage or tissue manipulation. It was hypothesized that mechanical properties are altered due to freeze-thaw cycling. The aim of this study, therefore, was to examine the possibility of protocol-induced artefacts in the mechanical properties of porcine articular cartilage specimens related specifically to freeze-thaw events. Twenty-eight osteochondral specimens [14 from the femoral condyles (FCs) and 14 from the patella-femoral (PF) groove] were tested in confined compression before and after being frozen at -20°C for 7 days. The fluid-independent and fluid-dependent mechanical properties (aggregate modulus of the solid phase and the half-life of stress relaxation respectively) were determined and compared. The aggregate modulus decreased by 13.5 per cent and 20.1 per cent for the PF and FC regions respectively (p = 0.002) and the half-life of the stress relaxation at 10 per cent strain decreased by 6.4 per cent and 12.6 per cent for the PF and FC specimens respectively (p = 0.0341). In conclusion, it has been shown that the protocol used, which involved freezing to -20°C and thawing after 7 days, caused artefacts in the mechanical properties of porcine osteochondral specimens. It is suggested that protocols requiring freezing must be critically reviewed to eliminate such artefacts.