Identification of Multiple Serine Racemase ( SRR) mRNA Isoforms and Genetic Analyses of SRR and DAO in Schizophrenia and d-Serine Levels

• Published in: Biological psychiatry (1969) 2005-06, Vol.57 (12), p.1493-1503
• Main Authors: Yamada, Kazuo, Ohnishi, Tetsuo, Hashimoto, Kenji, Ohba, Hisako, Iwayama-Shigeno, Yoshimi, Toyoshima, Manabu, Okuno, Akira, Takao, Hitomi, Toyota, Tomoko, Minabe, Yoshio, Nakamura, Kazuhiko, Shimizu, Eiji, Itokawa, Masanari, Mori, Norio, Iyo, Masaomi, Yoshikawa, Takeo
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Alternative splicing; Autoradiography - methods; Biological and medical sciences; Blotting, Northern - methods; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Case-Control Studies; D-Amino-Acid Oxidase - genetics; DNA Mutational Analysis; Family Health; Female; Gene Frequency; Genomics - methods; Genotype; genotype-phenotype correlation; glycine site; Humans; Linkage Disequilibrium; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; mutation screening; N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; polymorphism; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide - physiology; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Psychoses; Racemases and Epimerases - genetics; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction - methods; RNA, Messenger - metabolism; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenia - blood; Schizophrenia - genetics; Serine - blood
• ISSN: 0006-3223; 1873-2402
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.018

We previously reported a reduction in serum levels of d-serine, an endogenous co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, in schizophrenia, supporting the hypofunction hypothesis of NMDA neurotransmission in schizophrenia. In this study, we examined the genetic roles of serine racemase (SRR), an enzyme catalyzing the formation of d-serine from l-serine, and d-amino-acid oxidase (DAO) in the susceptibility to schizophrenia and the regulation of serum d-serine levels. We determined the complete cDNA and genomic structures of SRR and performed mutation screening. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SRR and DAO were tested for their association with schizophrenia in both case-control and family-based designs and for correlation with serum levels of d-serine. Genomic analyses revealed that human brain SRR transcripts consist of four isoforms with one major species, which were derived from alternative use of various 5’ end exons. Genetic association analyses showed no significant association between SRR/DAO and schizophrenia. We replicated the decreased serum d-serine levels in schizophrenia in the sample set, but d-serine levels did not correlate with SRR/DAO genotypes. The SRR/DAO are not likely to be major genetic determinants in the development of schizophrenia or control of serum d-serine levels.