Differences in Response to a Hepatitis B Vaccine Booster Dose Among Alaskan Children and Adolescents Vaccinated During Infancy

• Published in: Pediatrics (Evanston) 2007-08, Vol.120 (2), p.e373-e381
• Main Authors: Samandari, Taraz, Fiore, Anthony E, Negus, Susan, Williams, James L, Kuhnert, Wendi, McMahon, Brian J, Bell, Beth P
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Alaska - epidemiology; Child; Child, Preschool; Children & youth; Follow-Up Studies; Hepatitis; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B - epidemiology; Hepatitis B - immunology; Hepatitis B - prevention & control; Hepatitis B Antibodies - biosynthesis; Hepatitis B Antibodies - blood; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - administration & dosage; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - immunology; Hepatitis B Vaccines - administration & dosage; Hepatitis B Vaccines - immunology; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B virus - drug effects; Hepatitis B virus - immunology; Hepatitis B virus - metabolism; Humans; Immune system; Immunization; Immunization Schedule; Immunization, Secondary; Infant, Newborn; Pediatrics; Vaccines
• ISSN: 0031-4005; 1098-4275
• DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-0131

The duration of protection provided by hepatitis B vaccination is unknown, but the presence of immune memory can be evaluated indirectly by measuring the immune response to a booster dose of vaccine. Participants included 74 adolescents (aged 11.7-14.9 years) who had received a plasma-derived 3-dose primary vaccine series and 138 adolescents (aged 10.0-14.7 years) and 166 children (aged 5.0-7.0 years) who received a recombinant 3-dose primary vaccine series. All were born to hepatitis B surface antigen-negative mothers and had received the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 7 days of birth. The proportion of participants with serologic evidence of protective immunity (antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen > or = 10 mIU/mL) at baseline (prebooster), the proportion who developed an anamnestic response (increase to > or = 10 mIU/mL or at or more than fourfold increase in antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen to > 10 mIU/mL), and the geometric mean concentration by 1, 2, and 4 weeks after a 5-microg recombinant vaccine booster dose were determined. No participant had evidence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Overall, 99% of the group of children who received recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, 83% of the group of adolescents who received recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, and 69% of the group of adolescents who received the plasma-derived vaccine had an anamnestic response to a booster dose; among responders, the geometric mean concentration at 2 weeks postbooster was 3360 and 128 mIU/mL among adolescents who received plasma-derived vaccine with antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen > or = 10 and < 10 mIU/mL at baseline, respectively, compared with 1283 and 369 mIU/mL among adolescents who received recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and 5091 and 696 mIU/mL for children who received recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. The anamnestic response rate at 2 weeks postbooster among participants with antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen < 10 mIU/mL at baseline was inversely associated with age; 97% of 5-year-olds responded compared with 60% of 14-year-olds. Although most participants responded to a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine, the significance of the increased proportion of nonresponses among older adolescents might indicate waning immune memory.