Resolution of front-back ambiguity in spatial hearing by listener and source movement

• Published in: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1999-05, Vol.105 (5), p.2841-2853
• Main Authors: Wightman, F L, Kistler, D J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Head - physiology; Hearing - physiology; Humans; Movement - physiology; Psychophysics; Space life sciences; Space Perception - physiology
• ISSN: 0001-4966; 1520-8524
• DOI: 10.1121/1.426899

Normally, the apparent position of a sound source corresponds closely to its actual position. However, in some experimental situations listeners make large errors, such as indicating that a source in the frontal hemifield appears to be in the rear hemifield, or vice versa. These front-back confusions are thought to be a result of the inherent ambiguity of the primary interaural difference cues, interaural time difference (ITD) in particular. A given ITD could have been produced by a sound source anywhere on the so-called "cone of confusion." More than 50 years ago Wallach [J. Exp. Psychol. 27, 339-368 (1940)] argued that small head movements could provide the information necessary to resolve the ambiguity. The direction of the change in ITD that accompanies a head rotation is an unambiguous indicator of the proper hemifield. The experiments reported here are a modern test of Wallach's hypothesis. Listeners indicated the apparent positions of real and virtual sound sources in conditions in which head movements were either restricted or encouraged. The front-back confusions made in the restricted condition nearly disappeared in the condition in which head movements were encouraged. In a second experiment head movements were restricted, but the sound source was moved, either by the experimenter or by the listener. Only when the listener moved the sound source did front-back confusions disappear. The results clearly support Wallach's hypothesis and suggest further that head movements are not required to produce the dynamic cues needed to resolve front-back ambiguity.