Identification and behavior of reaction products formed by chlorination of ethynylestradiol

• Published in: Chemosphere (Oxford) 2004-05, Vol.55 (6), p.839-847
• Main Authors: Moriyama, Kenji, Matsufuji, Hiroshi, Chino, Makoto, Takeda, Mitsuharu
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Applied ecology; Available chlorine; Biological and medical sciences; Chlorinated ethynylestradiol; Chlorination; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution; Environmental pollutants toxicology; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Ethinyl Estradiol - chemistry; Ethynylestradiol; Fresh water environment; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Mass Spectrometry; Medical sciences; Sodium Hypochlorite - chemistry; Steroids, Chlorinated - chemistry; Toxicology; Water
• ISSN: 0045-6535; 1879-1298
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.045

Six products were formed by reaction of ethynylestradiol (EE2) with sodium hypochlorite in buffered solutions. 4-Chloroethynylestradiol (4-ClEE2) and 2,4-dichloroethynylestradiol (2,4-diClEE2) were identified as the two major reaction products, using preparative HPLC, MS, and NMR. When EE2 reacted with chlorine at different pHs (pH 5, 7, and 9) or chlorine concentrations (0.2, 1, 2, and 5 mmol/l, corresponding to molar ratios to EE2, 1, 5, 10, and 25, respectively), the formation of 4-ClEE2 and 2,4-diClEE2 was observed under the above conditions, and the highest yields were 20 and 52 mol%, respectively. EE2 was consumed almost completely within 5 min of chlorination by addition of chlorine of more than 1 mmol/l (molar ratio to EE2, 5). On the other hand, the two products existed in highly chlorinated solutions after 60 min (4ClEE2, 1–6 mol%; 2,4-diClEE2, 3–25 mol%). The estrogenic activities of 4-ClEE2 by estrogen receptor α or β binding assay were similar to those of the parent EE2, and the activities of 2,4-diClEE2 were lower about 10 times.