12th man?: refereeing bias in English and German soccer

The paper investigates potential bias in awards of player disciplinary sanctions, in the form of cautions (yellow cards) and dismissals (red cards) by referees in the English Premier League and the German Bundesliga. Previous studies of behaviour of soccer referees have not adequately incorporated w...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, Statistics in society Statistics in society, 2010-04, Vol.173 (2), p.431-449
Main Authors:	Buraimo, Babatunde, Forrest, David, Simmons, Robert
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Subjects:	Aggressiveness Applications Athletes Awards Behavior Betting Bias Bivariate probit Coefficients Comparative analysis Crowds Economic sanctions Economics of sport English language Exact sciences and technology Favoritism Favouritism Football Games General topics Germany Inequality Mathematics Maximum likelihood estimation Modelling Preferences Probabilities Probability and statistics Professional soccer Red cards Referees Running tracks Sanctions Sciences and techniques of general use Soccer Sports officiating Stadiums Statistical analysis Statistical significance Statistics Team sports Teams Treatment methods United Kingdom Yellow cards
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