Phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A transcultural study

• Published in: Comprehensive psychiatry 1994-05, Vol.35 (3), p.191-197
• Main Authors: Okasha, A., Saad, A., Khalil, A.H., El Dawla, A.Seif, Yehia, Nabil
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Anxiety disorders. Neuroses; Biological and medical sciences; Child; Comorbidity; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Developing Countries; Egypt; Female; Humans; Male; Medical sciences; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - diagnosis; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - psychology; Obsessive-compulsive disorders; Personality Assessment - statistics & numerical data; Personality Development; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychometrics; Psychopathology. Psychiatry
• ISSN: 0010-440X; 1532-8384
• DOI: 10.1016/0010-440X(94)90191-0

Ninety patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and diagnosed according to International Classification of Diseases (10th edition [ICD-10]) criteria attending the outpatient clinic of the Institute of Psychiatry in Cairo in 1991–1992 were assessed by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) for symptomatology and severity of symptoms. Sixty-nine percent of the patients were males, and 32% were females. The mean age of the sample was 23.7 years, with a mean duration of OCD of 3.2 years. Twenty percent of patients had a positive family history for OCD. Forty percent of patients presented with a mixture of obsessions and compulsions, whereas 29% presented with obsessions and 31% with compulsions. The most commonly occurring obsessions were religious and contamination obsessions (60%) and somatic obsessions (49%), and the most commonly occurring compulsions were repeating rituals (68%), cleaning and washing compulsions (63%), and checking compulsions (58%). Seventy-one percent of patients were rated severe on the Y-BOCS, and all of them had impaired insight; 9% were insightless. The age of patients was found to correlate positively with the total compulsive score and the total Yale BOCS score, but it correlated negatively with the total obsessive score. One third of patients had a comorbid depressive disorder. Regarding premorbid personality disorders, 14% had obsessive personality disorder, 34% had paranoid, anxious, or emotionally labile personality disorder, and 52% had no premorbid personality disorder. The role of religious upbringing has been evident in the phenomenology of OCD in Egypt, which is similar to the outcomes of studies in Jerusalem and different from results in India and Britain. The psychosociocultural factors are so varied that they can affect the onset, phenomenology, and outcome of OCD and even the response to treatment.