Countercurrent extraction of sparingly soluble gases for membrane introduction mass spectrometry

Membrane introduction mass spectrometry has been applied to inert gas measurements in blood and tissue, but gases with low blood solubility are associated with reduced sensitivity. Countercurrent extraction of inert gases from a blood sample into a water carrier phase has the potential to extract mo...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Annals of biomedical engineering 1997-09, Vol.25 (5), p.858-869
Main Authors: BAUMGARDNER, J. E, NEUFELD, G. R
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy
Animals
Biological and medical sciences
Biomedical Engineering
Blood
Countercurrent Distribution
Diffusion
Emergency and intensive care: techniques, logistics
Gases
Humans
Intensive care medicine
Krypton
Krypton - analysis
Krypton - blood
Krypton - isolation & purification
Mass spectrometry
Mass Spectrometry - methods
Medical sciences
Membranes
Models, Theoretical
Monitoring
Noble Gases - analysis
Noble Gases - blood
Noble Gases - isolation & purification
Solubility
Sulfur
Sulfur Hexafluoride - analysis
Sulfur Hexafluoride - blood
Sulfur Hexafluoride - isolation & purification
Water analysis
Water sampling
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Summary:Membrane introduction mass spectrometry has been applied to inert gas measurements in blood and tissue, but gases with low blood solubility are associated with reduced sensitivity. Countercurrent extraction of inert gases from a blood sample into a water carrier phase has the potential to extract most of the gas sample while avoiding dependence of signal on blood solubility. We present the design of a membrane countercurrent exchange (CCE) device coupled with a conventional direct insertion membrane probe to measure partial pressure of low solubility inert gases in aqueous samples. A mathematical model of steady-state membrane CCB predicts that countercurrent extraction with appropriate selection of carrier and sample flow rates can provide a mass spectrometer signal nearly independent of variations in solubility over a specified range, while retaining a linear response to changes in gas partial pressure over several orders of magnitude. Experimental data are presented for sulfur hexafluoride and krypton in water samples. Optimal performance is dependent on adequate equilibration between the sample and carrier streams, and the large resistance to diffusion in the aqueous phase for insoluble gases presents a substantial challenge to the application of this principle.
ISSN:0090-6964
1573-9686
DOI:10.1007/BF02684170