Peptide hormones regulating appetite-focus on neuroimaging studies in humans

In recent years, knowledge about hormonal feedback from the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue has increased tremendously. Peptide hormones modulating hunger have been intensively studied, mostly in animals but increasingly also in humans. The first therapeutic agents, such as GLP‐1 analogues...

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Published in:Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 2011-02, Vol.27 (2), p.104-112
Main Authors: Schloegl, Haiko, Percik, Ruth, Horstmann, Annette, Villringer, Arno, Stumvoll, Michael
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
appetite
Appetite Regulation - physiology
Brain - metabolism
Diagnostic Imaging
gut peptides
Humans
Hunger - physiology
neuroimaging
obesity
Peptide Hormones - physiology
regulation of eating behaviour
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Summary:In recent years, knowledge about hormonal feedback from the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue has increased tremendously. Peptide hormones modulating hunger have been intensively studied, mostly in animals but increasingly also in humans. The first therapeutic agents, such as GLP‐1 analogues, are in successful clinical use for T2D and may beneficially affect hunger and reduce weight. Data from in vitro studies and animals provide detailed insight into regulatory mechanisms leading to peptide secretion and receptor bindings, as well as to the distribution of receptors involved in different parts of the body. With neuroimaging techniques human brain structures have been identified that play a role in hunger, satiety and eating behaviour. These include the primary gustatory (insular) and olfactory (pyriform) cortex and regions with a highly permeable blood‐brain barrier (hypothalamus, brain stem), which facilitates humoral input via gut peptides and leptin. In addition, cerebral networks involved in higher cognitive functions, especially those relevant to reward, pleasure and also addiction (ventral and dorsal striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), prefrontal cortex (PFC)) were shown to be involved. First indications of direct influences of peptide hormones on these networks have become available from neuroimaging studies administrating synthetic PYY, ghrelin and leptin. Insulin also appears to play an important role as a central satiety hormone, and evidence indicating the possibility of central insulin resistance in obesity is available. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ISSN:1520-7552
1520-7560
1520-7560
DOI:10.1002/dmrr.1154