A detailed investigation into low-level feature detection in spectrogram images

• Published in: Pattern recognition 2011-09, Vol.44 (9), p.2076-2092
• Main Authors: Lampert, Thomas A., O’Keefe, Simon E.M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Applied sciences; Exact sciences and technology; Extraction; Information theory; Information, signal and communications theory; Line detection; Low-level feature detection; On-line systems; Pattern recognition; Periodic time series; Reduction; Remote sensing; Signal and communications theory; Signal processing; Signal representation. Spectral analysis; Signal, noise; Spectrogram; Spectrograms; Strategy; Telecommunications and information theory
• ISSN: 0031-3203; 1873-5142
• DOI: 10.1016/j.patcog.2011.02.014

Being the first stage of analysis within an image, low-level feature detection is a crucial step in the image analysis process and, as such, deserves suitable attention. This paper presents a systematic investigation into low-level feature detection in spectrogram images. The result of which is the identification of frequency tracks. Analysis of the literature identifies different strategies for accomplishing low-level feature detection. Nevertheless, the advantages and disadvantages of each are not explicitly investigated. Three model-based detection strategies are outlined, each extracting an increasing amount of information from the spectrogram, and, through ROC analysis, it is shown that at increasing levels of extraction the detection rates increase. Nevertheless, further investigation suggests that model-based detection has a limitation—it is not computationally feasible to fully evaluate the model of even a simple sinusoidal track. Therefore, alternative approaches, such as dimensionality reduction, are investigated to reduce the complex search space. It is shown that, if carefully selected, these techniques can approach the detection rates of model-based strategies that perform the same level of information extraction. The implementations used to derive the results presented within this paper are available online from http://stdetect.googlecode.com. ► Standard line detection mechanisms are ineffective in low signal-to-noise ratios. ► Individual pixels are unreliable for use within detection mechanisms in low SNRs. ► Shape and distribution information increase detection rates but limit generalisation. ► Dimensionality reduction allows for effective, efficient detection mechanisms.