Uptake of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots into Bacteria via Purine-Dependent Mechanisms

Quantum dots (QDs) rendered water soluble for biological applications are usually passivated by several inorganic and/or organic layers in order to increase fluorescence yield. However, these coatings greatly increase the size of the particle, making uptake by microorganisms impossible. We find that...

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Published in:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2005-05, Vol.71 (5), p.2548-2557
Main Authors: Kloepfer, J. A, Mielke, R. E, Nadeau, J. L
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adenine - metabolism
Adenosine Monophosphate - metabolism
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis - metabolism
Bacteria
Bacteria - metabolism
Biological and medical sciences
Cadmium
Cells
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli - metabolism
Fluorescence
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Light
Methods
Microbiology
Quantum Dots
Selenium
Signal transduction
Sulfides
Zinc Compounds
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description Quantum dots (QDs) rendered water soluble for biological applications are usually passivated by several inorganic and/or organic layers in order to increase fluorescence yield. However, these coatings greatly increase the size of the particle, making uptake by microorganisms impossible. We find that adenine- and AMP-conjugated QDs are able to label bacteria only if the particles are
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Conversely, QD-AMP conjugates label mutant strains more efficiently than the wild type. In Escherichia coli, QD conjugates are taken up most strongly by adenine auxotrophs and are extruded from the cells over a time course of hours. No fluorescent labeling is seen in killed bacteria or in the presence of EDTA or an excess of unlabeled adenine, AMP, or hypoxanthine. Spectroscopy and electron microscopy suggest that QDs of &lt;5 nm can enter the cells whole, probably by means of oxidative damage to the cell membrane which is aided by light.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0099-2240</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1098-5336</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2548-2557.2005</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15870345</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AEMIDF</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology</publisher><subject>Adenine - metabolism ; Adenosine Monophosphate - metabolism ; Bacillus subtilis ; Bacillus subtilis - metabolism ; Bacteria ; Bacteria - metabolism ; Biological and medical sciences ; Cadmium ; Cells ; Escherichia coli ; Escherichia coli - metabolism ; Fluorescence ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. 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A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mielke, R. E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nadeau, J. L</creatorcontrib><title>Uptake of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots into Bacteria via Purine-Dependent Mechanisms</title><title>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</title><addtitle>Appl Environ Microbiol</addtitle><description>Quantum dots (QDs) rendered water soluble for biological applications are usually passivated by several inorganic and/or organic layers in order to increase fluorescence yield. However, these coatings greatly increase the size of the particle, making uptake by microorganisms impossible. We find that adenine- and AMP-conjugated QDs are able to label bacteria only if the particles are &lt;5 nm in diameter. Labeling is dependent upon purine-processing mechanisms, as mutants lacking single enzymes demonstrate a qualitatively different signal than do wild-type strains. This is shown for two example species, one gram negative and one gram positive. 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Spectroscopy and electron microscopy suggest that QDs of &lt;5 nm can enter the cells whole, probably by means of oxidative damage to the cell membrane which is aided by light.</description><subject>Adenine - metabolism</subject><subject>Adenosine Monophosphate - metabolism</subject><subject>Bacillus subtilis</subject><subject>Bacillus subtilis - metabolism</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bacteria - metabolism</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Cells</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Escherichia coli - metabolism</subject><subject>Fluorescence</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. 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source ASM Journals (American Society for Microbiology); PubMed Central
subjects Adenine - metabolism
Adenosine Monophosphate - metabolism
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis - metabolism
Bacteria
Bacteria - metabolism
Biological and medical sciences
Cadmium
Cells
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli - metabolism
Fluorescence
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Light
Methods
Microbiology
Quantum Dots
Selenium
Signal transduction
Sulfides
Zinc Compounds
title Uptake of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots into Bacteria via Purine-Dependent Mechanisms
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