Occurrence and Abundance of Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in Rivers, Canal and near Drug Formulation Facilities – A Study in Pakistan

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global phenomenon that has severe epidemiological ramifications world-wide. It has been suggested that antibiotics that have been discharged into the natural aquatic environments after usage or manufacture can promote the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	PloS one 2013-06, Vol.8 (6), p.e62712
Main Authors:	Khan, Ghazanfar Ali, Berglund, Björn, Khan, Kashif Maqbool, Lindgren, Per-Eric, Fick, Jerker
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Subjects:	Anthropogenic factors Anti-Bacterial Agents - analysis Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology Antibiotic resistance Antibiotics Antiporters - genetics Aquatic environment Bacteria Bacteria - genetics Bacterial Proteins - genetics Biology Canals Chemistry Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chromosomes Ciprofloxacin Damsites Drug resistance Drug Resistance, Bacterial - genetics E coli Effluents Epidemiology Erythromycin Escherichia coli Genes Integrons Levofloxacin Lincomycin Mass Spectrometry - standards Medical wastes MEDICIN MEDICINE Microorganisms Natural environment Ofloxacin Oxytetracycline Pakistan Penicillin Reference Standards Rivers Rivers - chemistry Rivers - microbiology RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics Sewage Sewage - analysis Sewage - microbiology Sulfamethoxazole Surface water Tetracycline Resistance - genetics Trimethoprim Trimethoprim Resistance - genetics Water Microbiology Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical - pharmacology Water treatment
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