Atypical Immunologic Manifestations of COVID-19: a Case Report and Narrative Review

• Published in: SN comprehensive clinical medicine 2023-03, Vol.5 (1), p.108, Article 108
• Main Authors: Shah, Vedant, Patel, Harsh, Oza, Jaykumar, Patel, Palak, Radhakrishnan, Haripriya, Arunachalam, Janani, Bag, Soumyadeep, Patra, Tumpa, Shekar, Saketh Palasamudram
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Case Report; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Topical Collection on COVID-19
• ISSN: 2523-8973; 2523-8973
• DOI: 10.1007/s42399-023-01448-6

COVID-19 usually presents with classic signs and symptoms, but it can involve multiple systems in atypical cases. SARS-CoV-2 has a complex interaction with the host immune system leading to atypical manifestations. In our case, a 32-year-old male patient presented with fatigue, sores on hands and feet, headache, productive cough with blood-tinged mucus, conjunctival hyperemia, purpuric rash on hands and feet, and splinter hemorrhages of fingernails for 2 weeks. The patient’s SARS-CoV-2 antigen and PCR test were positive. Chest X-ray showed mixed density perihilar opacities in both lungs. Computed tomography of the chest showed extensive airspace opacities in both lungs, suggesting COVID-19 multifocal, multilobar pneumonitis. A renal biopsy indicated limited thrombotic microangiopathy and tubulointerstitial nephritis, for which he was started on steroids, and his renal functions gradually improved. He tested positive for C-ANCA during an immune workup. He was discharged with a steroid taper for nephritis. Once the taper reached less than 10 mg/day, he developed acute scleritis and a new pulmonary cavitary lesion of 6 cm. The biopsy via bronchoscopy revealed acute inflammatory cells with hemosiderin-laden macrophages. He was restarted on systemic steroids for scleritis after failing topical steroids, which incidentally also reduced the size of the cavitary lesion, indicating an immune component. Our case demonstrates the involvement of kidneys and vasculitis of the skin, sclera, and lungs by COVID-19. The patient’s symptoms were not explained by any diseases other than COVID-19. Atypical cases of COVID-19 disease with multifocal systemic symptoms involving the skin, sclera, lungs, and kidneys should be high on differentials. Early recognition and intervention may decrease hospital stays and morbidity.