Paraneoplastic pemphigus: A detailed case series from the Netherlands revealing atypical cases

• Published in: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2023-01, Vol.37 (1), p.147-153
• Main Authors: Zaheri, Farhat, Pas, Hendri H., Bremer, Jeroen, Meijer, Joost M., Bolling, Marieke C., Horvath, Barbara, Diercks, Gilles F. H.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Humans; Netherlands; Original; Original and Short Reports; Paraneoplastic Syndromes - diagnosis; Paraneoplastic Syndromes - etiology; Pemphigus; Retrospective Studies; Stomatitis - complications
• ISSN: 0926-9959; 1468-3083
• DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18557

Background Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is an extremely rare life‐threatening blistering autoimmune disease that is associated with an underlying neoplasm. There is a set diagnostic criterion for PNP, which is primarily based on a severe stomatitis and the detection of specific antibodies against envoplakin, periplakin and alpha‐2‐macroglobulin‐like protein 1. However, it has become increasingly evident that there are patients with PNP that do not meet all the diagnostic criteria requirements. Objectives The aim of this study was to analyse our cohort of Dutch patients and to define the atypical cases that did not meet the diagnostic criteria. Methods A retrospective case study of all known Dutch PNP patients of the past 25 years. Patients' clinical and immunological variables were thoroughly analysed and described. Results Twenty‐four patients were included in this study. The results revealed several atypical patient cases that did not completely meet the set diagnostic criteria. Of the 24 patients, two patients presented without stomatitis, in three patients an underlying neoplasm could not be detected, and in two patients the presence of specific autoantibodies could not be demonstrated, although all other criteria for PNP were met. Finally, three of the 24 patients survived the disease. Conclusion Although our findings showed similarities to previous studies and most of the patients met the criteria, there were a few atypical patient cases; highlighting the importance of not strictly adhering to the set criteria when making a diagnosis, as this can lead to a missed or late diagnosis. Thus, it is of crucial importance to combine clinical and elaborate laboratory results to confirm the diagnosis of PNP in suspected patients. Although PNP harbours an unfavourable prognosis in most cases, it might be resolved by timely treatment of the underlying cause.