The presence of antibiotics and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus reservoir in a low-order stream spring in central Brazil

• Published in: Brazilian journal of microbiology 2023-06, Vol.54 (2), p.997-1007
• Main Authors: dos Santos, Igor Romeiro, da Silva, Isabela Náthaly Machado, de Oliveira Neto, Jerônimo Raimundo, de Oliveira, Naiara Raica Lopes, de Sousa, Adriano Roberto Vieira, de Melo, Anielly Monteiro, de Paula, Joelma Abadia Marciano, do Amaral, Cátia Lira, Silveira-Lacerda, Elisângela de Paula, da Cunha, Luiz Carlos, Bailão, Elisa Flávia Luiz Cardoso
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Antibiotic resistance; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial resistance; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Brazil; Chloramphenicol; Chloromycetin; Clindamycin; Contamination; Creeks & streams; Dissolution; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Dumping; Ecosystem; Environmental Microbiology - Research Paper; Food Microbiology; Gentamicin; High performance liquid chromatography; Humans; Industrial effluents; Industrial wastewater; Life Sciences; Liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Medical Microbiology; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Metronidazole; Microbial Ecology; Microbial Genetics and Genomics; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbiology; Multidrug resistance; Multidrug resistant organisms; Mycology; Pharmaceutical industry; Pharmaceuticals; Public health; Rainy season; Rivers; Spring; Spring (season); Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streams; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; Wastewater; Water analysis; Water sampling; Water springs
• ISSN: 1517-8382; 1678-4405
• DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00973-9

The disposal of industrial effluents strongly influences low-order streams, which makes them fragile ecosystems that can be impacted by contamination. In central Brazil, the Extrema River spring targets the dumping of pharmaceutical products from the surrounding industries. So, this work aimed to investigate the presence of antibiotics in Extrema River spring samples and the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus , a potential multidrug-resistant bacteria, verifying the antimicrobial resistance profile of these isolates. Three campaigns were carried out in different locals (P1–P3) between October and December 2021, in the dry and rainy seasons. The high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS) approach indicated the presence of sulfamethoxazole (≥ 1 ng/L), metronidazole (< 0.5 ng/L), and chloramphenicol (< 5 ng/L) in the water samples in November (rainy season). S. aureus was isolated in P1 ( n = 128), P2 ( n = 168), and P3 ( n = 36), with greater resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (90%), clindamycin (70%), and gentamicin (60%). The presence of antibiotics in the Extrema River spring may cause S. aureus antibiotic resistance development. The presence of antibiotics and the high percentage of isolated multidrug-resistant S. aureus in the Extrema River spring cause concern and indicate the clandestine dumping of effluents from nearby pharmaceutical industries. Since preserving the springs of low-order streams is important for the environment and public health, we encourage monitoring the wastewater from Extrema River’s nearby pharmaceutical industries and preserving the spring of this river.