Plasmodium vivax in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Advancing Threat to Malaria Elimination?

• Published in: The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2023-09, Vol.109 (3), p.497-498
• Main Authors: Oboh-Imafidon, Mary Aigbiremo, Zimmerman, Peter A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Africa South of the Sahara - epidemiology; Humans; Malaria; Plasmodium vivax
• ISSN: 0002-9637; 1476-1645; 1476-1645
• DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0523

Malaria in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) is primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Historically, other malaria species such as Plasmodium vivax were thought to be absent in sSA due to the lack of the Duffy antigen on African erythrocytes. However, recent evidence suggests that P. vivax infections are more common in African populations than previously believed. Factors such as low parasitemia and limited training in identifying P. vivax contribute to underestimating its prevalence. Current malaria diagnostic methods in Africa also lack specificity for detecting P. vivax. While addressing P. vivax in Africa is important, it should not overshadow efforts to combat P. falciparum. Neglecting P. vivax could facilitate its hidden transmission and threaten malaria elimination. More research is needed to understand the extent and impact of P. vivax malaria in Africa. Improving training for microscopists and developing better diagnostic tests are crucial steps in addressing P. vivax. Additionally, incorporating tests for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in treatment approaches is necessary for safe administration of certain antimalarial drugs. Neglecting P. vivax comes at a significant cost to affected populations, and it is time to prioritize its study and action in Africa.