Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an oral formulation of decitabine and tetrahydrouridine

• Published in: European journal of haematology 2023-09, Vol.111 (3), p.345-355
• Main Authors: Lau, Henry, Woost, Philip G., Friedrich, Ute, Clausen, Wan Hui Ong, Jacobberger, James W., Saunthararajah, Yogen
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Bioavailability; Biological Availability; Cytidine deaminase; decitabine; Decitabine - pharmacology; DNA methyltransferase; DNMT1 protein; Erythropoiesis; Female; Fetuses; Hemoglobin; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Males; Oral administration; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Polymerization; Sickle cell disease; tetrahydrouridine; Tetrahydrouridine - pharmacokinetics
• ISSN: 0902-4441; 1600-0609; 1600-0609
• DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14009

Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by an inherited structural abnormality of adult hemoglobin causing polymerization. Fetal hemoglobin interferes with polymerization but is epigenetically silenced by DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) in adult erythropoiesis. Decitabine depletes DNMT1 and increases fetal and total hemoglobin in SCD patients, but is rapidly catabolized by cytidine deaminase (CDA) in vivo. Tetrahydrouridine (THU) inhibits CDA, safeguarding decitabine. Methods The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three oral combination formulations of THU and decitabine, with different coatings producing different delays in decitabine release, were investigated in healthy participants. Results Tetrahydrouridine and decitabine were rapidly absorbed into the systemic circulation after a single combination oral dose, with relative bioavailability of decitabine ≥74% in fasted males compared with separate oral administration of THU followed by decitabine 1 h later. THU and decitabine Cmax and area under the plasma concentration versus time curve were higher in females versus males, and fasted versus fed states. Despite sex and food effect on pharmacokinetics, the pharmacodynamic effect of DNMT1 downregulation was comparable in males and females and fasted and fed states. Treatments were well tolerated. Conclusion Combination oral formulations of THU with decitabine produced pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics suitable for oral DNMT1‐targeted therapy.