The Impact of Non-opioid Analgesic Usage on Total Opioid Load During Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation: A Retrospective Study

• Published in: Curēus (Palo Alto, CA) CA), 2023-10, Vol.15 (10), p.e46872-e46872
• Main Authors: King, Joshua D, Cautivar, Kylo, Tran, Duc A, Ali, Mohammad, Schmidt, Nicholas, McSkane, Michelle, Pak, Eugene
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Analgesics; Brain research; Drug abuse; Gender; Intervention; Length of stay; Morphine; Narcotics; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Pain; Pain Management; Patients; Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation; Regression analysis; Rehabilitation; Statistical analysis; Traumatic brain injury; Variance analysis
• ISSN: 2168-8184; 2168-8184
• DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46872

BackgroundPatients staying in acute rehabilitation often use large amounts of opioids during their stay. There are a number of reasons for this increased opioid exposure, including but not limited to daily exercises with physical and occupational therapists, increased demand on a healing body, and use of previously atrophying musculature. Some physiatrists have noticed that patients who concurrently are prescribed medications such as Robaxin seem to require fewer opioids during their stay in acute rehabilitation. This study aimed to determine the association between non-opioid analgesic use and total opioid load, as measured using morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs), during inpatient rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury.MethodologyA retrospective study of individuals with a diagnosis of traumatic brain injury admitted to an acute inpatient rehabilitation program was performed. Non-opioid medications that were reviewed in the study included acetaminophen, amitriptyline, baclofen, diclofenac, gabapentin, ibuprofen, lidocaine, methocarbamol, nortriptyline, and pregabalin. Five of the most-used non-opioid medications (acetaminophen, diclofenac, gabapentin, lidocaine, and methocarbamol) were statistically analyzed using regression and analysis of variance to evaluate for any significant variables.ResultsResults showed that the average daily dose of acetaminophen has a significant effect on the average daily MME and that the average daily dose of gabapentin and methocarbamol each have a significant effect on the change of daily MME usage from admission to discharge from acute rehab (ΔMME). Results also showed that the mere presence of methocarbamol (regardless of daily or total dosage) had a significant effect on the ΔMME.ConclusionsBased on these findings, physicians may want to consider prescribing acetaminophen, gabapentin, or methocarbamol for patients admitted for inpatient rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury who require high amounts of opioids.