Outbreak of the novel Cryptosporidium parvum IIγA11 linked to salad bars in Sweden, December 2023

• Published in: Epidemiology and infection 2024-11, Vol.152, p.e140, Article e140
• Main Authors: Bujila, Ioana, Ohlson, Anna, Hansen, Anette, Agudelo, Lady, Kühlmann-Berenzon, Sharon, Galanis, Ilias, Hall, Ingela, Gustavsson, Ann-Mari, Lebbad, Marianne, Lindblad, Mats, Rönnberg, Caroline, Rehn, Moa
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Case-Control Studies; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidiosis - epidemiology; Cryptosporidium; Cryptosporidium parvum; Cryptosporidium parvum - isolation & purification; Disease Outbreaks; Disease prevention; Epidemics; Epidemiology; Female; Food; Food availability; Food contamination; Food contamination & poisoning; Foodborne diseases; Foodborne Diseases - epidemiology; Foodborne Diseases - parasitology; Gastrointestinal diseases; Grocery stores; Humans; Infections; Male; Medical laboratories; Microbiological analysis; Middle Aged; Original Paper; Outbreaks; Parasitic diseases; Questionnaires; Salads; Sweden - epidemiology; Variables; Vegetables - parasitology; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0950-2688; 1469-4409; 1469-4409
• DOI: 10.1017/S0950268824001432

We report a foodborne outbreak of the previously undetected Cryptosporidium parvum gp60 subtype IIγA11. In December 2023, notifications of cryptosporidiosis cases increased in Sweden, prompting the initiation of a national outbreak investigation, and a case–control study was performed to identify the source. We identified 60 cases between 15 December 2023 and 1 January 2024. The median age was 44 years (range: 16–81), and 73% were women. Controls were recruited from a national random pool; frequency was matched by age group and sex. Compared to controls, cases were more likely to have consumed items from salad bars in grocery stores (8% vs. 85%; adjusted odds ratios [aOR]: 58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 22–186). In regards to food items from the salad bars, cases were more likely to have consumed kale mix salad compared to controls (62% vs. 32%; aOR: 3.6; 95%CI: 1.2–12). Trace-back investigations identified kale producers from Sweden, Belgium, and Spain, but no particular grower was identified, and no food samples were available for microbiological analysis. Our investigation indicates that leafy greens such as kale may contain Cryptosporidium spp. and cause outbreaks and it is important to understand how the contamination occurs to prevent future outbreaks and apply adequate preventive measures.