Multiple Kernel Synthesis of Head CT Using a Task-Based Loss Function

• Published in: Journal of digital imaging 2024-04, Vol.37 (2), p.864-872
• Main Authors: Nelson, Brandon J., Gomez-Cardona, Daniel G., Thorne, Jamison E., Huber, Nathan R., Yu, Lifeng, Leng, Shuai, McCollough, Cynthia H., Missert, Andrew D.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Artificial neural networks; Computed tomography; Drug dosages; Fractures; Head; Head injuries; Image contrast; Image quality; Imaging; Informatics; Information overload; Machine learning; Medical imaging; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Neural networks; Neuroimaging; Noise reduction; Patients; Quality management; Radiology; Review boards; Substantia alba; Supervised learning; Training; Trauma; Zircon
• ISSN: 2948-2933; 0897-1889; 2948-2925; 2948-2933; 1618-727X
• DOI: 10.1007/s10278-023-00959-x

In CT imaging of the head, multiple image series are routinely reconstructed with different kernels and slice thicknesses. Reviewing the redundant information is an inefficient process for radiologists. We address this issue with a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based technique, synthesiZed Improved Resolution and Concurrent nOise reductioN (ZIRCON), that creates a single, thin, low-noise series that combines the favorable features from smooth and sharp head kernels. ZIRCON uses a CNN model with an autoencoder U-Net architecture that accepts two input channels (smooth- and sharp-kernel CT images) and combines their salient features to produce a single CT image. Image quality requirements are built into a task-based loss function with a smooth and sharp loss terms specific to anatomical regions. The model is trained using supervised learning with paired routine-dose clinical non-contrast head CT images as training targets and simulated low-dose (25%) images as training inputs. One hundred unique de-identified clinical exams were used for training, ten for validation, and ten for testing. Visual comparisons and contrast measurements of ZIRCON revealed that thinner slices and the smooth-kernel loss function improved gray-white matter contrast. Combined with lower noise, this increased visibility of small soft-tissue features that would be otherwise impaired by partial volume averaging or noise. Line profile analysis showed that ZIRCON images largely retained sharpness compared to the sharp-kernel input images. ZIRCON combined desirable image quality properties of both smooth and sharp input kernels into a single, thin, low-noise series suitable for both brain and skull imaging.