Biotechnological Interventions for the Production of Subunit Vaccines Against Group A Rotavirus

• Published in: Cell biochemistry and function 2024-12, Vol.42 (8), p.e70031-n/a
• Main Authors: Prajapati, Mukta, Malik, Pooja, Sinha, Astha, Yadav, Honey, Jaiwal, Yachna K., Ahlawat, Yogesh K., Chaudhary, Darshna, Jaiwal, Ranjana, Sharma, Nisha, Jaiwal, Pawan K., Chattu, Vijay K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Antiviral agents; Antiviral drugs; Artificial intelligence; Biotechnology; bio‐factories; Children; Combined vaccines; conventional and subunit vaccines; Diarrhea; DNA vaccines; Effectiveness; Gastroenteritis; Gene expression; Genetics; genome editing and reverse genetics; Group A rotaviruses; Humans; Immune response; Immunization; Immunization (passive); Immunogenicity; Innovations; Insects; Machine learning; management; Morbidity; novel antivirals; Plant layout; Platforms; Production methods; Proteins; Recombinant DNA; reverse vaccinology; Review; Rotavirus; Rotavirus - immunology; Rotavirus Infections - immunology; Rotavirus Infections - prevention & control; Rotavirus Vaccines - immunology; Vaccine development; Vaccine efficacy; Vaccines; Vaccines, Subunit - immunology; Viruses; virus‐like particles; Yeasts
• ISSN: 0263-6484; 1099-0844; 1099-0844
• DOI: 10.1002/cbf.70031

ABSTRACT Group A rotavirus (RVA) is a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children globally, despite the availability of live‐attenuated vaccines. Challenges such as limited efficacy in low‐income regions, safety concerns for immunocompromised individuals, and cold‐chain dependency necessitate alternative vaccine strategies. Subunit vaccines, which use specific viral proteins to elicit immunity, provide a safer and more adaptable approach. This review highlights biotechnological advancements in producing subunit vaccines, focusing on recombinant expression systems like bacterial, yeast, insect, mammalian, and plant‐based platforms for scalable and cost‐effective production of viral proteins. Key innovations include molecular engineering, adjuvant development, and delivery system improvements to enhance vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy. Subunit vaccines and virus‐like particles expressed in various systems have demonstrated promising preclinical and clinical results, with some candidates nearing commercial readiness. Reverse vaccinology, combined with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, is driving the development of innovative multiepitope vaccines and antivirals. Strategies such as passive immunization, single‐chain antibodies, immunobiotics, and novel antivirals are also explored as alternative management options. The review also underscores advanced genome editing and reverse genetics approaches to improve vaccine design and antiviral therapies. These biotechnological interventions offer hope for equitable and effective control of rotavirus diarrhea, particularly in resource‐limited settings, and represent significant progress toward addressing current vaccine limitations. Summary The development of subunit vaccines against Group A rotavirus (RV‐A) is a critical step in combating rotavirus‐induced diarrhea, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. This paper highlights biotechnological strategies for the efficient production of subunit vaccines, focusing on the use of recombinant DNA technology, plant‐based expression systems, and viral vector platforms. By leveraging these advanced techniques, the study aims to provide a more cost‐effective, scalable, and safe alternative to traditional vaccine production methods. The research offers insights into optimizing antigen expression, purification processes, and immune responses, potentially improving vaccine efficacy and accessibility in low‐resourc