Rapid gradient-echo imaging

Gradient‐echo sequences are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for numerous applications ranging from angiography to perfusion to functional MRI. Compared with spin‐echo techniques, the very short repetition times of gradient‐echo methods enable very rapid 2D and 3D imaging, but also le...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of magnetic resonance imaging 2012-12, Vol.36 (6), p.1300-1313
Main Author: Hargreaves, Brian
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Algorithms
balanced SSFP
gradient echo
Humans
Image Enhancement - methods
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
spoiling
steady state
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Summary:Gradient‐echo sequences are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for numerous applications ranging from angiography to perfusion to functional MRI. Compared with spin‐echo techniques, the very short repetition times of gradient‐echo methods enable very rapid 2D and 3D imaging, but also lead to complicated “steady states.” Signal and contrast behavior can be described graphically and mathematically, and depends strongly on the type of spoiling: fully balanced (no spoiling), gradient spoiling, or radiofrequency (RF)‐spoiling. These spoiling options trade off between high signal and pure T1 contrast, while the flip angle also affects image contrast in all cases, both of which can be demonstrated theoretically and in image examples. As with spin‐echo sequences, magnetization preparation can be added to gradient‐echo sequences to alter image contrast. Gradient‐echo sequences are widely used for numerous applications such as 3D perfusion imaging, functional MRI, cardiac imaging, and MR angiography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012; 36:1300–1313. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ISSN:1053-1807
1522-2586
DOI:10.1002/jmri.23742