Effects of quaternary ammonium-methacrylates on the mechanical properties of unfilled resins

• Published in: Dental materials 2014-11, Vol.30 (11), p.1213-1223
• Main Authors: Hoshika, Tomohiro, Nishitani, Yoshihiro, Yoshiyama, Masahiro, Key, William O, Brantley, William, Agee, Kelli A, Breschi, Lorenzo, Cadenaro, Milena, Tay, Franklin R, Rueggeberg, Frederick, Pashley, David H
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Advanced Basic Science; Beams (structural); Composite Resins; Conversion; Dentistry; Dry-testing; Drying; Fracture toughness; Integrated circuits; Materials Testing; Mechanical properties; Methacrylates - chemistry; Percent-conversion; Polymer blends; Polymers; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - chemistry; Quaternary ammonium methacrylates; Resins; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; TPO; Ultimate tensile strength; Wet-testing; Young's modulus
• ISSN: 0109-5641; 1879-0097
• DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.365

Abstract Objective Adding antimicrobial/anti-MMP quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) to comonomer blends should not weaken the mechanical properties of dental resins. This work evaluated the degree conversion and mechanical properties of BisGMA/TEGDMA/HEMA (60:30:10) containing 0–15 mass% QAMs A–E (A: 2-acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride; B: [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride; C: [2-(methacryloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride; D: diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride; E: 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate. Methods Unfilled resins with and without QAM were placed on ATR-FTIR and light-polymerized for 20 s in a thin film at 30 °C. Unfilled resin beams were casted from square hollow glass tubings. Half of the beams were tested after 3 days of drying (control); the other half were tested wet after 3 days of water storage. Results Addition of QAMs in control resins significantly increased conversion 600 s after light termination, with the exception of 5% MAPTAC ( p < 0.05). Increase of QAM content within a formulation significantly increased conversion. Control beams gave dry Young's moduli of ∼700 MPa. Addition of 5, 10 or 15 mass% QAMs produced significant reductions in dry Young's moduli except for 5% B or C. 15 mass% A, B and C lowered the wet Young's moduli of the resin beams by more than 30%. The ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of control dry resin was 89 ± 11 MPa. Addition of 5–10 mass% QAMs had no adverse effect on the dry UTS. After water storage, the UTS of all resin blends fell significantly ( p < 0.05), especially when 15 wt% QAMs was added. Control dry beams gave fracture toughness ( KIC ) values of 0.88 ± 0.1 MPa m1/2 . Wet values were significantly higher at 1.02 ± 0.06 ( p < 0.05). KIC of dry beams varied from 0.85 ± 0.08 at 5% QAMs to 0.49 ± 0.05 at 15% QAMs. Wet beams gave KIC values of 1.02 ± 0.06 MPa m1/2 that fell to 0.23 ± 0.01 at 15% QAMs. Significance Addition of 10% QAMs increased the degree of conversion of unfilled resins, but lowered wet toughness and UTS; addition of 15% QAMs lowered the mechanical properties of wet resins below acceptable levels.