Rationale, design, samples, and baseline sun protection in a randomized trial on a skin cancer prevention intervention in resort environments

• Published in: Contemporary clinical trials 2016-01, Vol.46, p.67-76
• Main Authors: Buller, David B, Andersen, Peter A, Walkosz, Barbara J, Scott, Michael D, Beck, Larry, Cutter, Gary R
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Cardiovascular; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Behavior; Health Promotion - methods; Health Resorts; Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine; Holidays; Humans; Intervention; Male; Middle Aged; Prevention; Protective Clothing; Recreation; Skin cancer; Skin Neoplasms - prevention & control; Sunscreen; Sunscreening Agents - therapeutic use; United States; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1551-7144; 1559-2030
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.11.015

Abstract Introduction Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation during recreation is a risk factor for skin cancer. A trial evaluated an intervention to promote advanced sun protection (sunscreen pre-application/reapplication; protective hats and clothing; use of shade) during vacations. Materials and methods Adult visitors to hotels/resorts with outdoor recreation (i.e., vacationers) participated in a group-randomized pretest-posttest controlled quasi-experimental design in 2012–14. Hotels/resorts were pair-matched and randomly assigned to the intervention or untreated control group. Sun. protection (e.g., clothing, hats, shade and sunscreen) was measured in cross-sectional samples by observation and a face-to-face intercept survey during two-day visits. Results Initially, 41 hotel/resorts (11%) participated but 4 dropped out before posttest. Hotel/resorts were diverse (employees = 30 to 900; latitude = 24° 78′ N to 50° 52′ N; elevation = 2 ft. to 9726 ft. above sea level), and had a variety of outdoor venues (beaches/pools, court/lawn games, golf courses, common areas, and chairlifts). At pretest, 4347 vacationers were observed and 3531 surveyed. More females were surveyed (61%) than observed (50%). Vacationers were mostly 35–60 years old, highly educated (college education = 68%) and non-Hispanic white (93%), with high-risk skin types (22%). Vacationers reported covering 60% of their skin with clothing. Also, 40% of vacationers used shade; 60% applied sunscreen; and 42% had been sunburned. Conclusions The trial faced challenges recruiting resorts but result showed that the large, multi-state sample of vacationers were at high risk for solar UV exposure.