Maltreatment Exposure, Brain Structure, and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents
Alterations in learning processes and the neural circuitry that supports fear conditioning and extinction represent mechanisms through which trauma exposure might influence risk for psychopathology. Few studies examine how trauma or neural structure relates to fear conditioning in children. Children...
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container_end_page | 1964 |
container_issue | 8 |
container_start_page | 1956 |
container_title | Neuropsychopharmacology (New York, N.Y.) |
container_volume | 41 |
creator | McLaughlin, Katie A Sheridan, Margaret A Gold, Andrea L Duys, Andrea Lambert, Hilary K Peverill, Matthew Heleniak, Charlotte Shechner, Tomer Wojcieszak, Zuzanna Pine, Daniel S |
description | Alterations in learning processes and the neural circuitry that supports fear conditioning and extinction represent mechanisms through which trauma exposure might influence risk for psychopathology. Few studies examine how trauma or neural structure relates to fear conditioning in children. Children (n=94) aged 6-18 years, 40.4% (n=38) with exposure to maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, or domestic violence), completed a fear conditioning paradigm utilizing blue and yellow bells as conditioned stimuli (CS+/CS-) and an aversive alarm noise as the unconditioned stimulus. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and self-reported fear were acquired. Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 60 children. Children without maltreatment exposure exhibited strong differential conditioning to the CS+ vs CS-, based on SCR and self-reported fear. In contrast, maltreated children exhibited blunted SCR to the CS+ and failed to exhibit differential SCR to the CS+ vs CS- during early conditioning. Amygdala and hippocampal volume were reduced among children with maltreatment exposure and were negatively associated with SCR to the CS+ during early conditioning in the total sample, although these associations were negative only among non-maltreated children and were positive among maltreated children. The association of maltreatment with externalizing psychopathology was mediated by this perturbed pattern of fear conditioning. Child maltreatment is associated with failure to discriminate between threat and safety cues during fear conditioning in children. Poor threat-safety discrimination might reflect either enhanced fear generalization or a deficit in associative learning, which may in turn represent a central mechanism underlying the development of maltreatment-related externalizing psychopathology in children. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1038/npp.2015.365 |
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Few studies examine how trauma or neural structure relates to fear conditioning in children. Children (n=94) aged 6-18 years, 40.4% (n=38) with exposure to maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, or domestic violence), completed a fear conditioning paradigm utilizing blue and yellow bells as conditioned stimuli (CS+/CS-) and an aversive alarm noise as the unconditioned stimulus. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and self-reported fear were acquired. Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 60 children. Children without maltreatment exposure exhibited strong differential conditioning to the CS+ vs CS-, based on SCR and self-reported fear. In contrast, maltreated children exhibited blunted SCR to the CS+ and failed to exhibit differential SCR to the CS+ vs CS- during early conditioning. Amygdala and hippocampal volume were reduced among children with maltreatment exposure and were negatively associated with SCR to the CS+ during early conditioning in the total sample, although these associations were negative only among non-maltreated children and were positive among maltreated children. The association of maltreatment with externalizing psychopathology was mediated by this perturbed pattern of fear conditioning. Child maltreatment is associated with failure to discriminate between threat and safety cues during fear conditioning in children. Poor threat-safety discrimination might reflect either enhanced fear generalization or a deficit in associative learning, which may in turn represent a central mechanism underlying the development of maltreatment-related externalizing psychopathology in children.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0893-133X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1740-634X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.365</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26677946</identifier><identifier>CODEN: NEROEW</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Nature Publishing Group</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Brain ; Brain - pathology ; Child ; Child abuse & neglect ; Child Abuse - psychology ; Conditioning, Classical ; Cues ; Extinction, Psychological ; Fear ; Fear & phobias ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Original ; Post traumatic stress disorder ; Psychopathology ; Threats ; Trauma</subject><ispartof>Neuropsychopharmacology (New York, N.Y.), 2016-07, Vol.41 (8), p.1956-1964</ispartof><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jul 2016</rights><rights>Copyright © 2016 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2016 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c511t-a77ed0d0345718f5f1a76775f791fb12738daf234e723392ff224401720470953</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c511t-a77ed0d0345718f5f1a76775f791fb12738daf234e723392ff224401720470953</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1362-2410</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908632/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908632/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26677946$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>McLaughlin, Katie A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sheridan, Margaret A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gold, Andrea L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duys, Andrea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lambert, Hilary K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peverill, Matthew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heleniak, Charlotte</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shechner, Tomer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wojcieszak, Zuzanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pine, Daniel S</creatorcontrib><title>Maltreatment Exposure, Brain Structure, and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents</title><title>Neuropsychopharmacology (New York, N.Y.)</title><addtitle>Neuropsychopharmacology</addtitle><description>Alterations in learning processes and the neural circuitry that supports fear conditioning and extinction represent mechanisms through which trauma exposure might influence risk for psychopathology. Few studies examine how trauma or neural structure relates to fear conditioning in children. Children (n=94) aged 6-18 years, 40.4% (n=38) with exposure to maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, or domestic violence), completed a fear conditioning paradigm utilizing blue and yellow bells as conditioned stimuli (CS+/CS-) and an aversive alarm noise as the unconditioned stimulus. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and self-reported fear were acquired. Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 60 children. Children without maltreatment exposure exhibited strong differential conditioning to the CS+ vs CS-, based on SCR and self-reported fear. In contrast, maltreated children exhibited blunted SCR to the CS+ and failed to exhibit differential SCR to the CS+ vs CS- during early conditioning. Amygdala and hippocampal volume were reduced among children with maltreatment exposure and were negatively associated with SCR to the CS+ during early conditioning in the total sample, although these associations were negative only among non-maltreated children and were positive among maltreated children. The association of maltreatment with externalizing psychopathology was mediated by this perturbed pattern of fear conditioning. Child maltreatment is associated with failure to discriminate between threat and safety cues during fear conditioning in children. Poor threat-safety discrimination might reflect either enhanced fear generalization or a deficit in associative learning, which may in turn represent a central mechanism underlying the development of maltreatment-related externalizing psychopathology in children.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain - pathology</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child abuse & neglect</subject><subject>Child Abuse - psychology</subject><subject>Conditioning, Classical</subject><subject>Cues</subject><subject>Extinction, Psychological</subject><subject>Fear</subject><subject>Fear & phobias</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Galvanic Skin Response</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Post traumatic stress disorder</subject><subject>Psychopathology</subject><subject>Threats</subject><subject>Trauma</subject><issn>0893-133X</issn><issn>1740-634X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqF0b1LAzEYBvAgitbq5iwHLg5ezecltwha_IKKgwp1CmkvsZFrciZ3ov-9aauiLk6B5MeTvHkA2ENwgCARx65pBhgiNiAFWwM9xCnMC0LH66AHRUlyRMh4C2zH-AyT4oXYBFu4KDgvadEDjzeqboNW7Vy7Njt_a3zsgj7KzoKyLrtrQzdtlxvKVdmFViEbelfZ1npn3VOWzHBm6ypotxSnla91nKasuAM2jKqj3v1c--Dh4vx-eJWPbi-vh6ejfMoQanPFua5gBQllHAnDDFI8PY4ZXiIzQZgTUSmDCdUcE1JiYzCmFCKOIeWwZKQPTla5TTeZ62pxd1C1bIKdq_AuvbLy94mzM_nkXyUtoSgITgGHnwHBv3Q6tnJu0wh1rZz2XZRILByEnP1PeckER6QUiR78oc--Cy79xFKx1BOBSR2t1DT4GIM23-9GUC7qlaleuahXpnoT3_856zf-6pN8AJTTn48</recordid><startdate>20160701</startdate><enddate>20160701</enddate><creator>McLaughlin, Katie A</creator><creator>Sheridan, Margaret A</creator><creator>Gold, Andrea L</creator><creator>Duys, Andrea</creator><creator>Lambert, Hilary K</creator><creator>Peverill, Matthew</creator><creator>Heleniak, Charlotte</creator><creator>Shechner, Tomer</creator><creator>Wojcieszak, Zuzanna</creator><creator>Pine, Daniel S</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PHGZM</scope><scope>PHGZT</scope><scope>PJZUB</scope><scope>PKEHL</scope><scope>PPXIY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQGLB</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1362-2410</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20160701</creationdate><title>Maltreatment Exposure, Brain Structure, and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents</title><author>McLaughlin, Katie A ; Sheridan, Margaret A ; Gold, Andrea L ; Duys, Andrea ; Lambert, Hilary K ; Peverill, Matthew ; Heleniak, Charlotte ; Shechner, Tomer ; Wojcieszak, Zuzanna ; Pine, Daniel S</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c511t-a77ed0d0345718f5f1a76775f791fb12738daf234e723392ff224401720470953</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Brain</topic><topic>Brain - 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Academic</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Neuropsychopharmacology (New York, N.Y.)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>McLaughlin, Katie A</au><au>Sheridan, Margaret A</au><au>Gold, Andrea L</au><au>Duys, Andrea</au><au>Lambert, Hilary K</au><au>Peverill, Matthew</au><au>Heleniak, Charlotte</au><au>Shechner, Tomer</au><au>Wojcieszak, Zuzanna</au><au>Pine, Daniel S</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Maltreatment Exposure, Brain Structure, and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents</atitle><jtitle>Neuropsychopharmacology (New York, N.Y.)</jtitle><addtitle>Neuropsychopharmacology</addtitle><date>2016-07-01</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>41</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>1956</spage><epage>1964</epage><pages>1956-1964</pages><issn>0893-133X</issn><eissn>1740-634X</eissn><coden>NEROEW</coden><abstract>Alterations in learning processes and the neural circuitry that supports fear conditioning and extinction represent mechanisms through which trauma exposure might influence risk for psychopathology. Few studies examine how trauma or neural structure relates to fear conditioning in children. Children (n=94) aged 6-18 years, 40.4% (n=38) with exposure to maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, or domestic violence), completed a fear conditioning paradigm utilizing blue and yellow bells as conditioned stimuli (CS+/CS-) and an aversive alarm noise as the unconditioned stimulus. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and self-reported fear were acquired. Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 60 children. Children without maltreatment exposure exhibited strong differential conditioning to the CS+ vs CS-, based on SCR and self-reported fear. In contrast, maltreated children exhibited blunted SCR to the CS+ and failed to exhibit differential SCR to the CS+ vs CS- during early conditioning. Amygdala and hippocampal volume were reduced among children with maltreatment exposure and were negatively associated with SCR to the CS+ during early conditioning in the total sample, although these associations were negative only among non-maltreated children and were positive among maltreated children. The association of maltreatment with externalizing psychopathology was mediated by this perturbed pattern of fear conditioning. Child maltreatment is associated with failure to discriminate between threat and safety cues during fear conditioning in children. Poor threat-safety discrimination might reflect either enhanced fear generalization or a deficit in associative learning, which may in turn represent a central mechanism underlying the development of maltreatment-related externalizing psychopathology in children.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group</pub><pmid>26677946</pmid><doi>10.1038/npp.2015.365</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1362-2410</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adolescent Brain Brain - pathology Child Child abuse & neglect Child Abuse - psychology Conditioning, Classical Cues Extinction, Psychological Fear Fear & phobias Female Galvanic Skin Response Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Original Post traumatic stress disorder Psychopathology Threats Trauma |
title | Maltreatment Exposure, Brain Structure, and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents |
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