Young smoker "ABCD" vascular assessment: a four-step ultrasound examination for detecting peripheral, extra and intra-cranial early arterial damage

Cigarette smoking is known as a major risk factor in the pathogenic mechanisms of stroke, coronary and peripheral artery disease (CAD and PAD), even in young subjects. The aim of this study is the creation of a four-step ultrasound examination to evaluate and monitor the peripheral, the extra and th...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:BMC cardiovascular disorders 2016-07, Vol.16 (1), p.147-147, Article 147
Main Authors: Mozzini, Chiara, Casadei, Alder, Roscia, Giuseppe, Cominacini, Luciano
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Analysis
Ankle Brachial Index - methods
Aorta, Abdominal - diagnostic imaging
Aorta, Abdominal - physiopathology
Blood Flow Velocity - physiology
Blood pressure
Brachial Artery - diagnostic imaging
Brachial Artery - physiopathology
Cardiac patients
Carotid Arteries - diagnostic imaging
Carotid Arteries - physiopathology
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Coronary Artery Disease - diagnosis
Coronary Artery Disease - physiopathology
Early Diagnosis
Female
Health aspects
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Male
Measurement
Peripheral Arterial Disease - diagnosis
Peripheral Arterial Disease - physiopathology
Peripheral vascular diseases
Risk Factors
Smokers
Smoking - adverse effects
Ultrasonic waves
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color - methods
Young Adult
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Summary:Cigarette smoking is known as a major risk factor in the pathogenic mechanisms of stroke, coronary and peripheral artery disease (CAD and PAD), even in young subjects. The aim of this study is the creation of a four-step ultrasound examination to evaluate and monitor the peripheral, the extra and the intra-cranial assessment of the arterial early damage in smokers. The evaluations of A, the Ankle-brachial index, ABI, B, the Breath holding index, BHI, C, the Carotid intima media thickness, CIMT, and D, the Diameter of the abdominal aorta represent the "ABCD" assessment. Thirty-eight healthy smokers and 43 controls underwent A, calculated for each leg. B was calculated after determination of subjects' flow velocity of middle cerebral artery (MCA) by trans-cranial colour Doppler (TCCD) before and after 30 s of apnoea at baseline and just after smoking a cigarette, to simulate the chronic and acute effects of smoking. Finally, C and D evaluation were assessed using a high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. Smokers presented higher values of CIMT (mean and maximal), and lower BHI both at baseline and just after smoking (p 
ISSN:1471-2261
1471-2261
DOI:10.1186/s12872-016-0318-z