Outcome of patients with intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumors-lessons from the SIOP-CNS-GCT-96 trial

• Published in: Neuro-oncology (Charlottesville, Va.) Va.), 2017-11, Vol.19 (12), p.1661-1672
• Main Authors: Calaminus, Gabriele, Frappaz, Didier, Kortmann, Rolf Dieter, Krefeld, Barbara, Saran, Frank, Pietsch, Torsten, Vasiljevic, Alexandre, Garre, Maria Luisa, Ricardi, Umberto, Mann, Jillian R, Göbel, Ulrich, Alapetite, Claire, Murray, Matthew J, Nicholson, James C
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols - therapeutic use; Biomarkers, Tumor - metabolism; Brain Neoplasms - mortality; Brain Neoplasms - secondary; Brain Neoplasms - therapy; Chemoradiotherapy - mortality; Child; Child, Preschool; Cisplatin - administration & dosage; Clinical Investigations; Cranial Irradiation - mortality; Etoposide - administration & dosage; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Ifosfamide - administration & dosage; International Agencies; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local - mortality; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local - pathology; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local - therapy; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal - mortality; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal - pathology; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal - therapy; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Survival Rate; Testicular Neoplasms - mortality; Testicular Neoplasms - pathology; Testicular Neoplasms - therapy; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1522-8517; 1523-5866
• DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox122

Following promising results to increase survival and reduce treatment burden in intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCTs), we conducted a European study using dose-intense chemotherapy followed by risk-adapted radiotherapy. All patients received 4 courses of cisplatin/etoposide/ifosfamide. Non-metastatic patients then received focal radiotherapy only (54 Gy); metastatic patients received 30 Gy craniospinal radiotherapy with 24 Gy boost to primary tumor and macroscopic metastatic sites. Patients with localized malignant NGGCT (n = 116) demonstrated 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of 0.72 ± 0.04 and 0.82 ± 0.04, respectively. Primary tumor sites were: 67 pineal, 35 suprasellar, 5 bifocal, 9 others. One patient died postsurgery in clinical remission; 3 patients progressed during treatment and 27 (23%) relapsed afterward. Fourteen were local, 6 combined, and 7 distant relapses (outside radiation field). Seventeen of the 27 relapsed patients died of disease. Patients with metastatic disease (n = 33) demonstrated 5-year PFS and OS of 0.68 ± 0.09 and 0.75 ± 0.08, respectively; 1 patient died following progression on treatment and 9 (27%) relapsed afterward (5 local, 1 combined, 3 distant). Only one metastatic patient with recurrence was salvaged. Multivariate analysis identified diagnostic alpha-fetoprotein level (serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid level >1000 ng/mL, 19/149 patients, of whom 11 relapsed; P < 0.0003) and residual disease following treatment, including after second-look surgery (n = 52/145 evaluable patients, 26 relapsed; P = 0.0002) as significant prognostic indicators in this cohort. In localized malignant NGGCT, craniospinal radiotherapy could be avoided without increased relapses outside the radiotherapy field. Chemotherapy and craniospinal radiotherapy remain the gold standard for metastatic disease.