Infant food applications of complex carbohydrates: Structure, synthesis, and function

Professional health bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recommend breast milk as the sole source of food during the first year of life. This position recognizes human milk as being un...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Carbohydrate research 2017-01, Vol.437, p.16-27
Main Authors: Ackerman, Dorothy L., Craft, Kelly M., Townsend, Steven D.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Bifidobacterium
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Carbohydrates - chemical synthesis
Carbohydrates - chemistry
Carrageenans
Cellulose
Fructan
Fructans - chemistry
Fructans - metabolism
Fructooligosaccharide
Galactomannans
Galactooligosaccharide
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Hemicellulose
Humans
Infant
Infant Formula - chemistry
Inulin
Lactitol
Lactose
Lactose - chemistry
Lactose - metabolism
Lactulose
Levan
Milk, Human - chemistry
Oligosaccharides - chemistry
Oligosaccharides - metabolism
Polydextrose
Polysaccharides - chemistry
Polysaccharides - metabolism
Prebiotics
Xylooligosacharide
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Summary:Professional health bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recommend breast milk as the sole source of food during the first year of life. This position recognizes human milk as being uniquely suited for infant nutrition. Nonetheless, most neonates in the West are fed alternatives by 6 months of age. Although inferior to human milk in most aspects, infant formulas are able to promote effective growth and development. However, while breast-fed infants feature a microbiota dominated by bifidobacteria, the bacterial flora of formula-fed infants is usually heterogeneous with comparatively lower levels of bifidobacteria. Thus, the objective of any infant food manufacturer is to prepare a product that results in a formula-fed infant developing a breast-fed infant-like microbiota. The goal of this focused review is to discuss the structure, synthesis, and function of carbohydrate additives that play a role in governing the composition of the infant microbiome and have other health benefits. [Display omitted]
ISSN:0008-6215
1873-426X
DOI:10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.007