Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

• Published in: MMWR. Recommendations and reports 2019-07, Vol.68 (2), p.1-33
• Main Authors: Hills, Susan L., Walter, Emmanuel B., Atmar, Robert L., Fischer, Marc
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Accident prevention; Adolescent; Adult; Advisory Committees; Aged; Agricultural management; Air conditioning; Birds; Cell culture; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognitive ability; Disease; Encephalitis; Encephalitis, Japanese - epidemiology; Encephalitis, Japanese - prevention & control; Epidemiology; FDA approval; Female; Genotype & phenotype; Health risks; Humans; Immunization; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Infections; Insect bites; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines - administration & dosage; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines - adverse effects; Laboratories; Licenses; Male; Middle Aged; Morbidity; Mosquitoes; Neurological complications; Pregnancy; Recommendations and Reports; Risk perception; Rural areas; Seasons; Staples; Travel; Travel-Related Illness; United States - epidemiology; Urban areas; Vaccines; Vector-borne diseases; Viruses; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1057-5987; 1545-8601
• DOI: 10.15585/MMWR.RR6802A1

This report updates the 2010 recommendations from the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding prevention of Japanese encephalitis (JE) among U.S. travelers and laboratory workers (Fischer M, Lindsey N, Staples JE, Hills S. Japanese encephalitis vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;59[No. RR-1]). The report summarizes the epidemiology of JE, describes the JE vaccine that is licensed and available in the United States, and provides recommendations for its use among travelers and laboratory workers. JE virus, a mosquitoborne flavivirus, is the most common vaccine-preventable cause of encephalitis in Asia. JE occurs throughout most of Asia and parts of the western Pacific. Approximately 20%–30% of patients die, and 30%–50% of survivors have neurologic, cognitive, or behavioral sequelae. No antiviral treatment is available. Inactivated Vero cell culture–derived JE vaccine (Ixiaro [JE-VC]) is the only JE vaccine that is licensed and available in the United States. In 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed JE-VC for use in persons aged ≥17 years; in 2013, licensure was extended to include children aged ≥2 months. Most travelers to countries where the disease is endemic are at very low risk for JE. However, some travelers are at increased risk for infection on the basis of their travel plans. Factors that increase the risk for JE virus exposure include 1) traveling for a longer period; 2) travel during the JE virus transmission season; 3) spending time in rural areas; 4) participating in extensive outdoor activities; and 5) staying in accommodations without air conditioning, screens, or bed nets. All travelers to countries where JE is endemic should be advised to take precautions to avoid mosquito bites to reduce the risk for JE and other vectorborne diseases. For some persons who might be at increased risk for JE, the vaccine can further reduce the risk for infection. The decision about whether to vaccinate should be individualized and consider the 1) risks related to the specific travel itinerary, 2) likelihood of future travel to countries where JE is endemic, 3) high morbidity and mortality of JE, 4) availability of an effective vaccine, 5) possibility (but low probability) of serious adverse events after vaccination, and 6) the traveler’s personal perception and tolerance of risk. JE vaccine is recommended for persons moving to a JE-endemic coun