Temporal pathways of change in two randomized controlled trials for depression and harmful drinking in Goa, India

• Published in: Psychological medicine 2020-01, Vol.50 (1), p.68-76
• Main Authors: Singla, Daisy R, Hollon, Steven D, Velleman, Richard, Weobong, Benedict, Nadkarni, Abhijit, Fairburn, Christopher G, Bhat, Bhargav, Gurav, Mahesh, Anand, Arpita, McCambridge, Jim, Dimidjian, Sona, Patel, Vikram
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Alcohol; Alcohol use; Alcoholism - prevention & control; Alcoholism - therapy; Behavior; Behavior Therapy - methods; Behavior Therapy - standards; Changes; Clinical outcomes; Clinical skills; Clinical trials; Collaboration; Counseling; Counseling - methods; Counseling - standards; Counselors - standards; Depression - prevention & control; Depression - therapy; Drinking behavior; Female; Health status; Humans; India; Male; Mental depression; Mental disorders; Mental health; Middle Aged; Original; Patients; Primary care; Quality; Quality of Health Care; Questionnaires; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Variables
• ISSN: 0033-2917; 1469-8978
• DOI: 10.1017/S0033291718003963

The current study explored the temporal pathways of change within two treatments, the Healthy Activity Program (HAP) for depression and the Counselling for Alcohol Problems (CAP) Program for harmful drinking. The study took place in the context of two parallel randomized controlled trials in Goa, India. N = 50 random participants who met a priori criteria were selected from each treatment trial and examined for potential direct and mediational pathways. In HAP, we examined the predictive roles of therapy quality and patient-reported activation, assessing whether activation mediated the effects of therapy quality on depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) outcomes. In CAP, we examined the predictive roles of therapy quality and patient change- and counter-change-talk, assessing whether change- or counter-change-talk mediated the effects of therapy quality on daily alcohol consumption. In HAP, therapy quality (both general and treatment-specific skills) was associated with patient activation; patient activation but not therapy quality significantly predicted depression outcomes, and patient activation mediated the effects of higher general skills on subsequent clinical outcomes [a × b = -2.555, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.811 to -0.142]. In CAP, higher treatment-specific skills, but not general skills, were directly associated with drinking outcomes, and reduced levels of counter-change talk both independently predicted, and mediated the effects of higher general skills on, reduced alcohol consumption (a × b = -24.515, 95% CI -41.190 to -11.060). Change talk did not predict alcohol consumption and was not correlated with counter-change talk. These findings suggest that therapy quality in early sessions operated through increased patient activation and reduced counter-change talk to reduce depression and harmful drinking respectively.