High-yield, automated intracellular electrophysiology in retinal pigment epithelia

• Published in: Journal of neuroscience methods 2019-12, Vol.328, p.108442-108442, Article 108442
• Main Authors: Lewallen, Colby F., Wan, Qin, Maminishkis, Arvydas, Stoy, William, Kolb, Ilya, Hotaling, Nathan, Bharti, Kapil, Forest, Craig R.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Automation; Electrophysiology - methods; Epithelia; Humans; Intracellular electrophysiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Retinal Pigment Epithelium - physiology; Sharp pipette
• ISSN: 0165-0270; 1872-678X; 1872-678X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108442

•Algorithms for performing intracellular electrophysiology in epithelia were developed.•Experimental parameters were systematically optimized resulting in the highest reported yield.•Automated electrophysiology of epithelia may enable the exploration of cell physiology, drug toxicity, and disease processes. Recent advancements with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSC) retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have made disease modeling and cell therapy for macular degeneration feasible. However, current techniques for intracellular electrophysiology – used to validate epithelial function – are painstaking and require manual skill; limiting experimental throughput. A five-stage algorithm, leveraging advances in automated patch clamping, systematically derived and optimized, improves yield and reduces skill when compared to conventional, manual techniques. The automated algorithm improves yield per attempt from 17% (manually, n = 23) to 22% (automated, n = 120) (chi-squared, p = 0.004). Specifically for RPE, depressing the local cell membrane by 6 μm and electroporating (buzzing) just prior to this depth (5 μm) maximized yield. Conventionally, intracellular epithelial electrophysiology is performed by manually lowering a pipette with a micromanipulator, blindly, towards a monolayer of cells and spontaneously stopping when the magnitude of the instantaneous measured membrane potential decreased below a predetermined threshold. The new method automatically measures the pipette tip resistance during the descent, detects the cell surface, indents the cell membrane, and briefly buzzes to electroporate the membrane while descending, overall achieving a higher yield than conventional methods. This paper presents an algorithm for high-yield, automated intracellular electrophysiology in epithelia; optimized for human RPE. Automation reduces required user skill and training while, simultaneously, improving yield. This algorithm could enable large-scale exploration of drug toxicity and physiological function verification for numerous kinds of epithelia.