Geometric anomaly detection in data

• Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2020-08, Vol.117 (33), p.19664-19669
• Main Authors: Stolz, Bernadette J., Tanner, Jared, Harrington, Heather A., Nanda, Vidit
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anomalies; Data points; Interfaces; Intersections; Manifolds (mathematics); Minimal surfaces; Physical Sciences; Social sciences; Topology
• ISSN: 0027-8424; 1091-6490
• DOI: 10.1073/PNAS.2001741117

The quest for low-dimensional models which approximate high-dimensional data is pervasive across the physical, natural, and social sciences. The dominant paradigm underlying most standard modeling techniques assumes that the data are concentrated near a single unknown manifold of relatively small intrinsic dimension. Here, we present a systematic framework for detecting interfaces and related anomalies in data which may fail to satisfy the manifold hypothesis. By computing the local topology of small regions around each data point, we are able to partition a given dataset into disjoint classes, each of which can be individually approximated by a single manifold. Since these manifolds may have different intrinsic dimensions, local topology discovers singular regions in data even when none of the points have been sampled precisely from the singularities. We showcase this method by identifying the intersection of two surfaces in the 24-dimensional space of cyclo-octane conformations and by locating all of the self-intersections of a Henneberg minimal surface immersed in 3-dimensional space. Due to the local nature of the topological computations, the algorithmic burden of performing such data stratification is readily distributable across several processors.