An Unusual Route for p -Aminobenzoate Biosynthesis in Chlamydia trachomatis Involves a Probable Self-Sacrificing Diiron Oxygenase

• Published in: Journal of bacteriology 2020-09, Vol.202 (20)
• Main Authors: Macias-Orihuela, Yamilet, Cast, Thomas, Crawford, Ian, Brandecker, Kevin J, Thiaville, Jennifer J, Murzin, Alexey G, de Crécy-Lagard, Valérie, White, Robert H, Allen, Kylie D
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aerobic conditions; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins - genetics; Bacterial Proteins - metabolism; Bacteriology; Biosynthesis; Chemical synthesis; Chlamydia; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chlamydia trachomatis - enzymology; Chlamydia trachomatis - genetics; Cofactors; Crystal structure; Dithiothreitol; E coli; Escherichia coli - genetics; Escherichia coli - metabolism; Folic acid; Genes, Bacterial; Intermediates; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Oxygenase; Oxygenases - metabolism; para-Aminobenzoates - metabolism; para-Aminobenzoic acid; Precursors; Reagents; Reducing agents; Residues; Site-directed mutagenesis; Spotlight; Substrate Specificity; Substrates; Transformation, Bacterial; Tyrosine
• ISSN: 0021-9193; 1098-5530
• DOI: 10.1128/JB.00319-20

lacks the canonical genes required for the biosynthesis of -aminobenzoate (pABA), a component of essential folate cofactors. Previous studies revealed a single gene from , the CT610 gene, that rescues Δ , Δ , and Δ mutants, which are otherwise auxotrophic for pABA. CT610 shares low sequence similarity to nonheme diiron oxygenases, and the previously solved crystal structure revealed a diiron active site. Genetic studies ruled out several potential substrates for CT610-dependent pABA biosynthesis, including chorismate and other shikimate pathway intermediates, leaving the actual precursor(s) unknown. Here, we supplied isotopically labeled potential precursors to Δ A cells expressing CT610 and found that the aromatic portion of tyrosine was highly incorporated into pABA, indicating that tyrosine is a precursor for CT610-dependent pABA biosynthesis. Additionally, enzymatic experiments revealed that purified CT610 exhibits low pABA synthesis activity under aerobic conditions in the absence of tyrosine or other potential substrates, where only the addition of a reducing agent such as dithiothreitol appears to stimulate pABA production. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that two conserved active site tyrosine residues are essential for the pABA synthesis reaction Thus, the current data are most consistent with CT610 being a unique self-sacrificing enzyme that utilizes its own active site tyrosine residue(s) for pABA biosynthesis in a reaction that requires O and a reduced diiron cofactor. is the most reported sexually transmitted infection in the United States and the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Unlike many other intracellular pathogens that have undergone reductive evolution, is capable of biosynthesis of the essential cofactor tetrahydrofolate using a noncanonical pathway. Here, we identify the biosynthetic precursor to the -aminobenzoate (pABA) portion of folate in a process that requires the CT610 enzyme from We further provide evidence that CT610 is a self-sacrificing or "suicide" enzyme that uses its own amino acid residue(s) as the substrate for pABA synthesis. This work provides the foundation for future investigation of this chlamydial pABA synthase, which could lead to new therapeutic strategies for infections.